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Developing and Modifying Security Design

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How is Developing and Modifying Security Design

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A. Planning for security should be an integral part of any function or project undertaken within a company. The most efficient and cost-effective method of instituting security measures into any facility or operation is through advance planning and continuous monitoring throughout the project or program. Selecting, constructing, or modifying a facility without considering the security implications of employee safety and assets protection can result in costly modifications and lost time.

B. Physical security programs should be administered within each region, center, and field activity based on the policy and the guidance set forth in a detailed security plan, to ensure the protection of personnel, visitors and assets. These programs should be continually and effectively administered by the appropriate organizational security officer and monitored to ensure their integrity. At a minimum, a physical security program should include:

(1) A physical security survey of each facility occupied to determine the security level of the facility and to determine the minimum-security safeguards required for protecting personnel and assets;

(2) An initial physical security survey prior to constructing, leasing, acquiring, modifying, or occupying a facility or area to determine the minimum-security safeguards is required to protect personnel and assets. A follow-up physical security survey must be done before acceptance of the property or occupancy of the facilities to ensure the completion of required modifications and security upgrades;

(3) Periodic reassessments of facilities to ascertain whether a security program meets pertinent company and facility standards or regulations;

(4) A comprehensive and continuing awareness and education effort to gain the interest and support of employees, contractors, consultants, and visitors; and

(5) Procedures for taking immediate, positive, and orderly action to safeguard life and property during an emergency.

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, as amended, require agencies to ensure accessibility and safety for employees, applicants, and members of the public with disabilities who are in facilities. The company security plan must ensure that accessibility and safety issues regarding people with disabilities are addressed in all relevant aspects of the establishment of appropriate physical security measures to protect personnel, real and personal property, and information. A key element to the success of this will be ensuring that security and facility officials are familiar with the legal requirements to meet the needs of people with disabilities while also maintaining physical security.

2. Facility Protection.

A. The extent of facility protection is determined by the senior official or manager of the activity based on the results of a comprehensive physical security survey of the facility.

(1) Perimeter protection is the first line of defense in providing physical security for personnel, property, and information at a facility.

(2) The second line of defense is interior controls. The extent of interior controls will be determined by considering the monetary value and criticality of the items and areas to be protected, the vulnerability of the facility, and the cost of the controls necessary to reduce that vulnerability.

(3) The cost of security controls normally should not exceed the monetary value of the item or areas to be protected, unless necessitated by criticality or national security.

3. Planning Facility Protection.

A. The objective of planning facility protection is to ensure both the integrity of operations and the security of assets. Planning for security must be an integral part of selecting, constructing, reconfiguring, or moving into a new facility.

B. The modification of a facility or addition of security measures after occupying a facility can be costly and impractical. Therefore, the responsible security officer and the facility management personnel need to coordinate closely, from the outset, on any addition, alteration, or new construction. The coordination should begin with the designers and architects and continue through the contracting process and actual construction and installation.

C. Many company offices occupy space in commercial buildings where a building manager executes the lease on behalf of the tenants. In leased office space, physical security may not be as easily controlled or be controlled to the same extent as in a facility where the company owns the facility. The tenants must rely on building manager to provide protection for the building, and it is therefore imperative that the security officer of the activity establishes a working relationship with the appropriate building officials to maintain an active role in the security decisions and processes that will affect the facility.

4. Facility Protection in Owned or Leased Facilities.

For buildings or grounds owned or leased by a company to include leased space from other companies, the senior official having jurisdiction of the real property is responsible for determining the degree of protection to be provided the space. The level of protection shall be based on a physical security survey of each facility conducted by the Security Manager using the guidelines and requirements cited in the security plan to evaluate the security of that facility on a case-by-case basis considering the facility's location, size and configuration, number of occupants, mission, extent of exterior lighting, presence of physical barriers, and other factors as may be deemed pertinent.

5. Facility Protection in Space Assigned Facilities.

For building and grounds which has space assignment responsibility, the company is responsible for furnishing normal protection not less than the degree of protection provided by commercial building operators of similar space for normal risk occupants, as determined by a physical security survey. This protection may include guards, access control, intrusion detection (alarms), closed circuit television surveillance (CCTV), inspection of packages, etc., when the survey determines the control is warranted for general occupancy and not necessitated by special activities or specific agencies. Special protection required due to the nature of the business conducted within the space or unusual public reaction to an agency's program and missions, whether or not of a continuing nature, is determined jointly by the security provider and the occupant agency or agencies and is provided on a reimbursable basis.

A. Protection Criteria. The security consultant determines the level of normal protective service on a case-by-case basis and normally considers the facility's location, size and configuration, the occupant agency's mission, history of criminal or disruptive incidents in the surrounding neighborhood, extent of exterior lighting, presence of physical barriers, and other factors as may be deemed pertinent.

B. Physical Protection. The security plan should provide normal and special protection through mobile patrol or fixed posts manned by uniformed personnel, security systems and devices, locking building entrances and gates during other than normal hours of occupancy, cooperation of local law enforcement agencies, or any combination thereof depending upon the facility and the degree of risk involved. The degree of normal and special protection is determined by completion of a physical security survey and/or crime prevention assessment.

C. Crime prevention. The security contingent collects and disseminates information about criminal activity on or against property under its' charge and control, provides crime prevention information programs to occupant and agencies upon request, and conducts crime prevention assessments in cooperation with occupant agencies.

6. Facility Protection in Facilities with Delegations of Authority.

In facilities where the company has delegated protection authority to the agency or prime tenant, some of the protection responsibilities are transferred to the agency, including procurement, installation, maintenance of physical security equipment and systems, and procurement and management of any guard contracts. Normally, the company will retain responsibility for physical security surveys, mobile patrols, monitoring of alarms, response to incidents, and requests for criminal investigations.

7. Design Factors.

It is imperative that security systems and procedures are considered from the design phase on, so that conduit runs and alarm wiring, heavy-duty materials, reinforcing devices and other necessary construction requirements are provided in the original plans.

A. Facility and Building Location.

(1) Determine the minimum-security safeguards as delineated by the Facility Security Standards, and incorporate them in your facility planning. Start by determining the security level of the facility, whether it is open to the public and the time it will take for enforcement response to incidents.

(2) Check geographical factors carefully. Avoid locating facilities near high crime, high traffic, or industrial areas. Take into account approach routes, traffic patterns, and nearby transportation.

(3) At a facility site, the number of separate buildings should be kept to a minimum, and they should be grouped close together.

B. Configuration of Space.

(1) Entrances. Facility or office entrances should be kept to a minimum commensurate with fire safety, to control access or prevent crime. Although convenience of employee access, parking, and deliveries must be considered, one entrance with multiple interior routes is preferable to several outside entrances. Entrances should be planned with guard posts and access control systems and procedures in mind. Reception desks, barriers, and other controls should be planned from the start. Accessibility of entrances for individuals with disabilities must also be considered and planned from the start.

(2) Access Controls. Plan for locking devices or controls at perimeter and interior doors. Provide for effective key control. Plan for protective, cleaning, and maintenance forces, and determine hours, locations, and levels of access for such personnel.

(3) Location of Offices and Facilities. Locate offices or other facilities in close proximity and on the same or successive floors. Try to locate sensitive operations such as credit unions or imp rest funds on upper or lower floors and away from entrances.

C. Safety and Fire Protection. Safety and fire protection requirements must be incorporated in any construction plans. With proper coordination, safety requirements can be achieved. Contact the Local Fire Marshal regarding National Fire Prevention Administration (NFPA) and local code requirements and construction standards.

D. Utilities. Utility systems should be protected against unauthorized access. Plan for protection of telephone and electrical closets and conduit runs, heating and cooling systems, water supplies, and boilers and generators.

E. Special Activities. Special emphasis should be placed on security systems and safeguards when constructing or modifying special or sensitive activities such as imp rest funds, computer facilities, equipment storage or shipping and receiving areas, classified work areas and mailrooms, and special-use areas such as warehouses or hazardous material storage areas.

F. Contingency Plans. A contingency plan must be developed for each delegated facility to protect personnel and property in the event of emergencies such as fire; bomb threats; civil disturbances; natural disasters; and chemical, biological, or radiological events. The Designated Official is responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining an Occupant Emergency Plan.

8. Surveys and Inspections.

A physical security survey is an in-depth analysis to determine the extent of security measures, which will be needed for protecting personnel, property, and information. An inspection is a check or test against a certain set of standards or regulations to ascertain whether a security program or facility meets those standards or regulations. It is used to evaluate the implementation of regulations, the security awareness of employees, security administration, and existing internal management controls. The security officer to carry out his/her oversight responsibilities should use it as a tool.

A. Surveys.

(1) Purpose. The senior facility manager to determine the type and extent of security controls for the facility or areas will use the survey. Each type of physical security survey will include the determination of the security level and a security evaluation (threat assessment), which addresses the criticality of operations, the vulnerability of the facility or area, and the probability of compromise of the personnel or property contained therein. Facility Security Standards provides the criteria for determining what security level a facility is of the possible four (4) security levels. The security standards also provide a chart delineating the recommended minimum-security standards applicable to each of the four security levels addressing facility criticality, vulnerabilities, and risk of security penetrations. In those cases where the contractor does not provide a physical security survey, the security consultant and a facility manager should conduct a survey of the facility.

(2) Recommendations. The security consultant should work with the facility manager in developing a security plan for resolving any recommendations resulting from the surveys and inspections.

(3) Criticality, Vulnerability, and Probability/Risk. No survey is considered complete until all three of the factors below have been given full consideration and weight.

(a) Criticality. Criticality is the effect that partial or total loss of the facility or area would have on the facility's mission. The adversity of the effect is directly related to the criticality factor.

Examples of adverse effects include the interruption of a vital function, disruption of the continuity of operations, or the compromise of security information. A higher classification level of information handled or stored in a facility or area will increase the criticality.

(b) Vulnerability. Vulnerability of the facility or area is the susceptibility of a facility or area to damage or destruction or the possible theft or loss of property. Factors used to determine vulnerability include the size, configuration, and location of the facility or area, the local crime rate, and the proximity of law enforcement, and emergency response services.

(c) Probability/Risk. Probability deals with an assessment of the chances or risk that certain events could or might occur, such as a penetration of the perimeter, compromise of a system, or the occurrence of a variety of unauthorized activities.

(4) Type of Surveys.

(a) Initial Survey. The initial physical security survey is conducted prior to constructing, leasing, acquiring, modifying, or occupying a facility or area. It describes any modification required to raise the level of security commensurate with the levels of criticality and vulnerability. At a minimum, the initial survey must address the minimum-security requirements delineated in the Facilities Security Standards.

(b) Follow-up Survey. When recommendations are made in the initial physical security survey, a follow-up survey is conducted to ensure the completion of modifications. This survey should be conducted before acceptance of the property or occupancy.

(c) Supplemental Survey. The supplemental survey is conducted when changes in the organization, mission, facility, or the threat level of the facility alter or affect the security posture of the facility or area. This survey is conducted at the discretion of either the facility manager or the security manager. The Security Manager may require that facilities undergo a supplemental survey when there is a change of the overall threat level to all Survey facilities, such as the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001.

(d) Special Survey. The special survey is conducted to examine or resolve a specific issue, such as when there is a request for a Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) accredited facility or there is a need to investigate or assess damage resulting from an incident.

(5) Conducting Surveys.

Normally for owned, leased, and delegated facilities, the company will conduct surveys, and it will not be necessary for the security officer of the facility to conduct a physical security survey. For owned and leased facilities to include leased space from other companies, the manager of the facility must conduct the physical security survey. When necessary, the consultant actually conducting a survey should start by obtaining a layout of the facility, which depicts areas within the facility, access points, parking lots, warehouses, and any adjacent areas belonging to the facility. The consultant should interview program management officials to determine the mission and nature of operations, classification or sensitivity level of information, and value of assets. The consultant should also obtain the following:

(a) The facility's address, number of buildings and square footage, tenant organizations, approximates population, and names of key management officials;

(b) A description of features of the facility and conditions that produce vulnerabilities. Document the physical configuration of the office or facility for classified information storage areas;

(c) The law enforcement agency, fire department, and other organizations responsible for emergency response. Include the security force company or agency, and its response time;

(d) Type of construction of buildings at the facility;

(e) The determined value of monies or sensitive or unique equipment, the highest classification level of information, or the number and types of weapons;

(f) Description of access controls, alarms, guard services, and security containers; and

(g) Recommendations for improving security and pertinent implementing instructions, which include the required minimum-security standards as delineated by the Facility Security Standards.

(6) Survey Report. Survey reports are provided to the Designated Official. A written survey report should be generated that is thorough and precise. It should contain supporting exhibits such as floor plans and specifications. The survey report should be submitted to the facility or office manager for review, and the consultant should maintain a copy.

B. Inspections.

(1) Purpose. Inspections, which may be announced or unannounced, are usually conducted to determine the extent of compliance with security regulations or procedures, including those recommended during surveys. The security officer shall inspect facilities and programs under the security officer's cognizance as often as necessary to ensure compliance with the provisions of the applicable Standard Operations Procedure. The inspections should result in written inspection reports.

(2) Checklists.

(a) The Physical Security Program Checklist, (PSPC) can be used by a security officer to inspect the physical security of a facility.

(b) The PSPC requires the Security Officer to conduct a self-inspection program for the evaluation of all security procedures applicable to their operation for the protection of information. In order to assist the self-inspector in assessing the security posture of his/her facility, a Security Inspection Check List should be contained as Appendix B to the Security Post Orders.

(3) Recommendations. The security officer should assist the facility or office manager in resolving any discrepancies or implementing any recommendations.

(4) Types of Inspections.

(a) Evaluation. The evaluative or fact-finding inspection is generally positive in tone and promotes liaison and security awareness while taking a broad, general look at a facility or program. Deficiencies, which may be resolved either on the spot or within a non-specified time frame, may be noted and recommendations for further corrective actions may be made. The evaluative inspection can also help management officials in planning or upgrading their security programs.

(b) Compliance. The full compliance inspection generally is conducted for enforcement purposes. It focuses on compliance with established standards or regulations.

(c) Follow-up. Another form of compliance inspection is the follow-up inspection, conducted to ensure that facility officials have complied with recommendations from earlier inspections.

(d) After-hours Room Check. The after-hours room check is a form of compliance inspection. It monitors compliance with security regulations, especially involving areas where sensitive security information is processed or stored.

(e) Self-inspection. The security officer or facility manager to evaluate his/her own security program initiates the self-inspection. Additionally, self-inspections are required by each Security Officer to evaluate all security procedures applicable to their operation using the self-inspection checklist contained in Appendix B of the Post Orders. The initiator determines the scope and purpose of the self-inspection for an office, building, or other facility.

(f) Closeout. A closeout self-inspection is accomplished immediately prior to the action to administratively terminate a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF). During closeout inspections, all areas and containers authorized for the storage of classified material are checked to ensure all classified material has been removed.

(5) Frequency of Inspections. The frequency of inspections will be based on the criticality and vulnerability of the facility or the level of classification or value of information handled or stored at a facility. Following are the established standards:

(a) Each Document Custodian, and Security Officer is required to conduct an annual self-inspection program utilizing the Security Inspection Check List in Appendix B of the Post Orders.

(b) The Facility Manager coordinates a schedule of periodic inspections of compliance with the Security Manager. A review of the completed annual self-inspection checklist serves as the basis for these inspections. The Security Manager coordinates a schedule of periodic inspections of the Security Officers and the security program.

(c) In conjunction with periodic field assistance visits, the Security Manager conducts inspections of the facilities and the accountability and control of company and departmental identification cards, badges, and smart cards.

(6) Conducting Inspections.

(a) Plan an inspection by determining the scope, type, and method. Schedule the inspection, and if appropriate, provide written notice. The notice should provide the date(s), purpose, proposed interview schedule, and request for any information needed by the security officer. Review past inspection reports and prepare a list of questions or a checklist to structure the inspection.

(b) Upon arrival at the site and prior to departure, the inspector should meet with the senior manager to discuss the inspection. Collect a sufficient sampling of data from interviews with on-site employees and contractors and from touring the facility. Obtain information to support findings in the inspection report. Report favorable findings as well as deficiencies. Check awareness and adherence to local security procedures. Document any discrepancies corrected on the spot.

(c) After sufficient data is collected, the inspector should analyze all findings, compare them with applicable security regulations, list discrepancies and cite regulatory references, recommend corrective action, and write the inspection report.

(d) The inspection report should be produced within 10 working days of completion of the inspection. The report should be distributed to the office, facility, or regional manager in a timely manner and require a response to any recommendations. Copies of final inspection reports shall be provided to the Security Management Office.

9. Awareness and Education.

A security program is most effective when employees practice security daily. That sort of interest and support can be gained through an effective security awareness and education program that encompasses all aspects of security. The security manager is responsible for carrying out and administering a comprehensive, on-going security awareness and education program for all employees in his/her respective activity.

A. Awareness and Educations Plans. The security manager must plan an effective program of instruction and efficient use of training material provided for specific training purposes. The security manager may also tailor presentations to the organization and solicit other security professionals to speak on their areas of responsibility, training, and experience. For example, a local police representative could address crime prevention and will provide on-site crime-prevention seminars.

B. Briefings.

(1) Initial Orientation Briefings.

(a) Simply providing printed security regulations is not an effective way to promote complete understanding of security responsibilities. A verbal orientation briefing, supplemented with audio-visuals and handouts, is more effective. Where possible, it should be presented personally. Where this is not practical, it may be presented in the form of videotape or other recording.

(b) The initial orientation, whether written or verbal, should address general physical security principles, including common security hazards, building security and crime prevention, key system or site-specific access controls, vehicle control, and property accountability or package inspection programs. It should also address implementation of regulations relating to the handling and safeguarding of security information, including reporting requirements and nondisclosure provisions.

(c) Crime Prevention. A well-rounded security awareness and education program includes information on crime prevention. Encourage employees to minimize opportunities for crime by knowing the signs of unauthorized activity; practicing good office security; and reporting unauthorized activity, security deficiencies, violations, and safety hazards.

10. Incident Reporting.

An incident reporting program is an essential element in any security program. The timely reporting of thefts, losses, or damage of property and the tampering or unauthorized disclosure of information is important. A timely report increases the possibility of recovering the property, minimizing damage, and apprehending the perpetuator. Any employee who discovers, witnesses, or has knowledge of a criminal, dangerous, or unauthorized practice or condition, or a violation of security regulations shall immediately report the matter to the appropriate authorities.

A. Reporting Serious Incidents, Unusual Events, and Emergencies. The senior official at a facility is responsible for reporting serious incidents, unusual events, or emergency conditions that affect the operations to his/her Director for their appropriate action.

(1) Security Management Office. The Regional Director or his/her designee must report the following information to the USGS Security Management Office for further reporting to the DOI Watch Office:

(a) Homeland Security and Facility Infrastructure Protection.

o Threats, attempted sabotage or terrorist activity directed against facilities.

o Threats, attempted sabotage or terrorist activity directed against mineral, oil, natural gas or electrical grid on lands.

o Information regarding threatened or actual demonstrations that may impact upon mission-essential facilities, critical infrastructure, or national monuments.

o Threats or damage from natural disasters or technological emergencies impacting mission-essential facilities or critical infrastructure.

(b) Other.

o Incidents resulting in property damage exceeding ,000.

o Incidents with potential to result in media interest.

o Serious incidents involving employees on official duty, including incidents attracting media or diplomatic attention.

o Other incidents that warrant attention by the Office of the Secretary.

(2) Emergency Coordinator. The Security Director or his/her designee must report the following information:

(a) Deaths, Injuries, and Accidents.

o Fatalities on company properties, excluding natural causes.

o Employee fatalities, while on duty.

o Life-threatening injury to employee, while in performance of their duties.

o Serious injury to multiple employees or visitors.

(b) Disaster and Emergency Incidents Response.

o Natural disasters affecting lands or facilities that cause injury, significant damage, impact visitor use, or degrade the ability to provide vital services.

o Serious incidents such as major structural fires, structural failures, or other emergency events affecting facilities that cause injury, significant damage, impact visitor use, or degrade the ability to provide vital services.

o Warnings of natural disasters or other serious emergencies that threaten facilities or infrastructure, and preparedness measures taken in response to such threats.

o Information on events monitored by Departmental of Homeland Security or the Watch Office that may impact on adjacent areas.

o Emergency preparedness and response activities involving bomb and other threats.

o Warnings, alerts or advisories related to emergency conditions issued to the public by various government bureaus and offices, including dam failures, flood, earthquake and volcanoes.

o Major search and rescue activities involving large numbers of personnel or coordination of interagency resources.

(c) Fires.

o Take the actions necessary to mitigate the potential damages caused by fire (i.e., notifying the fire department, directing the responding units to the site of the fire, assisting in maintaining control of the perimeter).

o Security officers shall alert the Watch Office to major incidents, which cause injury, significant damage, or impact visitor use.)

B. Reporting Incidents to Law Enforcement Agencies.

(1) Security procedures require that cases of theft, unauthorized use, or vandalism of company property be reported to the Security Manager. He/She will decide whether to report the incident to local or State law enforcement authority where appropriate. Additionally, all thefts and vandalism of property must be recorded in the appropriate security logs. In cases where the value of the property stolen or missing is valued at less than 0, the report will be placed in the administrative files for analysis but normally no investigation will be conducted, except as directed by the security manager.

(2) Standard Operations Procedures (SOP) requires the prompt reporting of all crimes and suspicious circumstances occurring on controlled property to the Security Manager. An Offense/Incident Report is the standard reporting form. The security officer in reporting the incident must use this form. The form requests information such as date; time and location of incident; details regarding lost, stolen, or damaged items; nature of the incident; and any suspects involved. Supplies of the form can be obtained from the Security Manager or the Building Manager.

C. Administrative Reporting. The incident reporting requirements stated herein are not a substitute for nor do they eliminate the need for compliance with any additional reporting requirements prescribed or pertaining to motor vehicle incidents and to the loss, damage, and mishandling of company property.

11. Emergency Planning and Evacuation.

A. Occupant Emergency Plan (OEP). In accordance with "Occupant Emergency Program," immediate, positive, and orderly action must be taken to safeguard life and property in company facilities during emergencies. Examples of emergency situations are bomb threats; civil disorders; fires; explosions; chemical, biological, or radiological events; natural disasters; direct threat to a major computer facility; and immediate threat of compromise of classified information. These situations require the development of an emergency evacuation plan for each affected facility. Each security officer should cooperate with and assist the Designated Official or safety personnel responsible for developing the OEP.

(1) Emergency procedures are normally provided by the Building Manager with input from officials of the security detail.

(2) The senior facility manager shall coordinate the development of the OEP in consultation with the servicing safety officer and building management officials.

(a) Managed Space. In space owned or managed, offices and facilities will rely on issued guidance and protective measures to implement the Homeland Security Administration (HSAS) issued guidance and protective measures. Guidance issued by Security Manager will be the minimum measures to be taken at each Threat Condition. Principal managers may develop additional measures, as they deem appropriate. Principal managers are responsible for establishing a notification system to ensure that appropriate personnel are notified of changes in protective measures and of threat information affecting the office/facility. Additionally, the principal manager is also responsible for developing means of informing employees about their responsibilities under different threat levels and protective measures.

(b) The Security Manager will notify Security Officers who are responsible for notifying the principal building manager of the owned or leased facility. Principal managers are responsible for establishing a notification system to ensure that appropriate personnel are notified of changes in protective measures and of threat information affecting the office/facility. Additionally, the principal manager is also responsible for developing means of informing employees about their responsibilities under different threat levels and protective measures.

The Security Management System operates the following key functions and processes:
Safeguards and Security Training and Qualification, Protection Program Planning, and Self-Assessment Programs.

The Training and Qualification Programs, should include individual development plans for each staff member, to ensure that staff is qualified to perform assigned duties and responsibilities in support of the applicable program requirements. The individual development plans provide a means to ensure the continued growth and development of each staff member.

The activities of the Assessment Program must include conducting scheduled reviews of all topical areas using the Inspection Standards and Criteria, and for Safeguards and Security Orders and Standards and Criteria are utilized to ensure compliance with each of the program requirements. Performance objectives and indicators may be included as areas for assessment. Assessments also identify areas for potential process improvement to ensure the continual growth resulting in improved operations and processes.

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A Common Sense Economic and Market Structure Model for Developing Countries

Quaker State Oil Change Locations - A Common Sense Economic and Market Structure Model for Developing Countries. The content is nice quality and useful content, Which is new is that you just never knew before that I do know is that I even have discovered. Before the unique. It is now near to enter destination A Common Sense Economic and Market Structure Model for Developing Countries.

Do you know about - A Common Sense Economic and Market Structure Model for Developing Countries

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Introduction

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How is A Common Sense Economic and Market Structure Model for Developing Countries

We had a good read. For the benefit of yourself. Be sure to read to the end. I want you to get good knowledge from Quaker State Oil Change Locations.

For more than thirty years developing countries' economic problems have created major financial crises in the international community. Developing countries have remained so due to their low-income economies. African and Middle East countries live in ethnic diverse communities and are subject to political instability and corruption than Asia and Latin American countries that live in more homogeneous communities. There is more cost involved in a population of workers and who belong to different ethnic groups because of diversity, cultural differences, religion and language. The purpose of this economic development model is to address economic stability, the problems (value inhibitors), solutions (value drivers), the strategies and implementations of the economic enhancement in order to help the developing countries be less dependent on developed countries. So many studies have been conducted on developing countries, but none of the studies have focused on how the developing countries could apply or use the economic models with less participation of the industrialized countries. World Bank and United Nations ought to examine minutely any potential foreign aid application while focusing on this model for developing countries. This model will enhance in devising a strategic means of monitoring the developing countries before distributing fund to those that may not use the model or practice noncompliance. The practical sense of the use of this model is to elevate the developing countries to economic success and stability, and reduce their dependency on developed countries.

Role of leadership

In developing countries, most leaders behave and think differently. Although, these may not be tolerated by developed countries, they are the norm and are based on their ethnicity, beliefs, religion, culture, social classes, and assumption of supremacy. Negotiating and managing conflicts in developing countries is a matter of understanding the genetic makeup of that country. Diversity may create needs but these needs do not have to be neglected in order to create balance among the ethnic or sectarian groups. A Western countries' style of negotiating and resolving conflicts may not be applicable in the developing countries where religion and ethnicity have continuously impacted the leadership in those countries. Hence, the inefficient and ineffective leadership have led to social development and economic neglect that have caused the worse economy and poverty in those areas. If politics are set aside and economic benefits are put in the forefront by these developed countries, the chances of conflict resolution will be increased.

Leaders who have vision for change may think about what the impact the economic and market development will have in the long-run, and in the locations and in the life of its citizens. The social problems in Malaysia exist because of the ethnic Chinese who are not Muslim in a country where over 90 percent of the population is Muslim.

In developed countries, situations create focus on civilization and leadership, where civilization shapes leaders and leaders shape civilization. Power is treated as a shared resource, but in most developing countries coercion is the system used by leaders. Leaders use physical, economic, and social threats and punishments to induce change in followers for the sake of the leaders. The leaders therefore have become power wielders. These leadership problems have impacted the economic and market structure of the countries. Hence, a new model may mean a step to a new and better way of life for all the developing countries. The Western part of the Asia continent is predominantly Muslims and still have untapped resources that have not been explored because of dictatorship, politics, religion, culture, beliefs, and diversity. Exploring these countries and helping them stabilize will transcend to trading with other developing countries, which will in turn pull them out of poverty, instability, and create peace among the sectarian and ethnic groups.

Asia

Before the coming of the tsunami in December 26 2005, the South Asian countries were poor and developing. Both the South and East Asia have untapped economic sources. These potential raw materials need to be explored in order to help develop the economic and market structure of the region. The tsunami destroyed the infrastructure, economy, and the lives of the people of the South Asian countries. The 6.3 in magnitude earthquake that hit the central java of Indonesia on May 27, 2006 destroyed what was left of the tsunami. These countries will benefit from cash crop, livestock, and poultry production because of their adequate weather and availability of natural water, which will not require a high technology in order to irrigate the farmland. Mechanized farming will need to be introduced and implemented to aid in maximizing production of agricultural products. The Eastern part of South Korea has a comparative advantage over industrial, commercial, and manufacturing production. Producing and trading on building, automobile, motorcycle, and other petty materials in the form of buying and selling will enhance in the development of the market setting and economy. This will help in the stabilization of the East and South Asian countries. A stable economy will help resolve and manage conflict in these countries that have different ethnic groups and history of diversity. The economic and market structure may also aid in the stability of the leadership, political and social system. The environmental problems may need to be addressed in order to guard against pollution or any unhealthy by products or waste materials that may cause harm to people or have short or long term health problems or may be fatal to people. If these countries are stable, they will attract foreign investments rather than needing foreign aid. The military disturbances in East Timor are not helping the economic and the market structure of the young independent country.

The four factors that determine the economic growth are labor, capital, land, and Entrepreneurship. Developing countries have more labor force with lower wages than developed countries and yet their economic growth is still lower than that of the developed countries. Capital is another problem facing developing countries. They need resources such as equipments, machines, factories, and money to work with. Labor without capital is synonymous to guns without bullets. Capital will also represent an investment that will pay off in the future. Most developing countries have untapped resources such as oil, gold, diamond, minerals, forests, and water that represent land which by themselves cannot stimulate economic growth unless they are explored and converted to goods and services. Technology enhances economic growth. A group of agricultural researchers from Texas A&M University and University of California-Davis acquired a four-year grand of .4 million from U.S Agency for International Development's Mission to Afghanistan eGrazing. This discovery will aid the livestock herders to successfully tend to cattle, sheep, horses and goats. If this system had been in place, it may have made an impact during the tsunami in Indonesia. Political and social factors that inhibit Economic Growth are corruption, instability, lack of leadership and administrative skills, population growth, and lack of business enterprises.

Africa

African countries are very poor and in dare need of economic and market structure development. Before these countries go global, they may to have sufficient needs of life by taking comparative advantage of their sources of raw material. Some have cash crops that need to be irrigated, some have livestock and poultry that need to be technologically upgraded, and market structure that needs to be redesigned, developed and implemented. The improvement of the agriculture will help the poor farmers send their children to school, build infrastructure, develop the quality of institutions, and make a smooth run of transportation.

Middle East

Middle East region is a turbulence area because of instability associated with religion, oil, dictatorship, and developed countries' influence. The Iraq war has devastated the whole region, and couple with the Israel, Palestinian, and Lebanese conflict, which has created further economic drawbacks that amount in billions of dollars. The destruction of the infrastructures, and the lost of lives have sent the economy of Lebanese country decades backwards.

Latin America

Development in Latin Americans countries could stem from agriculture, forestry and fishing, to mining, and manufacturing. These Latinos can help in building their countries rather than trying to immigrate to United States of America. If guided, they will improve their countries' economy and help in the marketing of agricultural, manufacturing and other natural resources. Immigrants spend much time in the state of California farms, Illinois factories, North Carolina, and areas in the north east of United States of America working mostly in food industries. These efforts can be redirected to Latin America in order to develop the entire area.

Political struggles, lack of administrative skills, and power supremacy have strangled the economic and market structure of most countries in Latin America. For decades the Latinos have traveled north of the border to United States of America in search of better lives. This economic situation has resulted in the deaths and mutilations of people trying to enter United States of America. The smugglers who are known as the "coyotes" have made huge profits for attempting to transport these illegal Latinos across the border. It is very dangerous ventures because of the hot temperature, train transportation, unhygienic felt, bad weather, lack of food, water, and other unknown dangers along the road to the border. Immigrants spend months traveling to the border and most times do not make it to United States because they are caught and send back south of the border. Most gang groups have resorted to kidnapping wealthy Latin Americans living in the United States side of the border for huge ransoms, demand thousands of dollars in exchange to the kidnapped victims and most of the times these victims are killed. Families are separated due to fractured economy when men live their families for years in search of money for food in the north of the border. Income is not redistributed to the population, the rich gets richer while the poor gets poorer. The people of Latin Americas deserve more from their leaders and their natural resources, which has not happened because of corruptions and drug kingpins who have operated by intimidation, coercion, and fear.

The Four "Pies" facing developing countries

Poverty stems from lack of education, opportunities, and low literacy level. These countries do not put too much emphasis in education as they resort to marrying more than one wife and having too many children. Farming and herding have been their main source of food production and livelihood. Ethnicity is attributed to too many tribes, languages, and dialects. It has also contributed to lack of trust amongst different ethnic groups due to lack of understanding each other's culture and tradition. They have become one country but different people. Instability is created by lack of a stable government by corrupted leaders, who always come to power for the purpose of stealing funds. That ultimately leads to no mandate to build infrastructure, and develop the economy and market for the country. When people's needs are not met, most of the times in developing countries, rebellion begins when the government neglects a certain group of people. When people are deprived of the necessities of life while the other group has it all because of their ethnicity and religious sect, it creates tensions that lead to a "time-bomb" ready to explode. These most times cause conflicts that are attributed to hatred, sabotage, riots, revolution, and deaths. This is common in the developing countries where corruption and venality have played a role due to self-centeredness on the part of the leaders. Leaders therefore resort to intimidation of their citizens and thereby control these countries by coercion.

17 Strategies for implementing economic and market structure in developing countries

(1)A comprehensive education across the country needs to be instituted. This may be in the local dialect and language in order to make it easy for the citizens of that area. Assessment test of individuals' talent and abilities need to be explored, recognized and documented to be sure where these individuals' maximum potentials lie. A program needs to be instituted in order to teach the citizens methods of family planning and birth control. Individuals also need to understand the social and economic benefit of the birth control.

(2)Some individuals may have ability in agricultural work (Crops/livestock/Poultry). Locations with fertile lands need to be located and utilized for crops and livestock, and those areas without fertile land may need to be used based on its comparative advantage, such as poultry, storage of byproducts, and market areas.

(3)Supermarkets are to be constructed in all densely populated locations or urban cities to enable the young men and women find and keep jobs. The stores will consist of three shifts so that students can work and at the same time go to school and do their schoolwork. These markets will be located in the areas where people can afford to shop. A Wal-mart (USA) approach will be most appropriate in these locations. The four utilities of market will have to be considered and instituted as the main reason for the location of the supermarkets.

(4)Consideration of the product that people will want, the price to set for the product, the place that will be appropriate for the supermarkets and their nearness to the people, and how the promotion of the product will be conducted in order to reach the consumers and customers.

(5)The nomadic approach of rearing, transporting, and selling livestock will be changed to using trucks to transport them if it involves long distance in order to avoid spreading of any diseases such as mad cow disease and other diseases that come from livestock feces as they are transported though out the country. Trading locations where buyers and sellers meet, and the days to meet are to be established in both rural and urban areas.

(6)Areas where people still live in poverty, a trade by barter may be established so as to allow the farmers who want to exchange items from their farms to bargain for exchange. This short-run method will continue until the economic development is in place and running.

(7)Foreign investment and property rights need to be considered as part of encouraging investments and savings in order to stimulate the economic growth. This method may help the developing countries to invest less money on capital goods, create more competitive markets, and in turns reduce or eliminate corruption.

(8)Establish local leaders by ethnicity, who will act as representatives or middlemen between the government and their ethnic group. These local leaders may be selected by group they represent and approved by the government to ensure they are working on behalf of the people they represent and not for their own self-interest. In addition, the African experts may be contracted to help establish the boundaries of no corruption.

(9)Individuals have certain religious beliefs and different ways of thinking, and as such need to be segregated according to their sect for the benefit of market structure and economic development. Individuals who understand that certain groups have designated times in which they pray will have no problem doing business with such groups. This may reduce tensions for those who understand the culture of those religious group, and for those, who do not there will be tensions and uneasiness, which is the reason for grouping citizens according to their religious sect.

(10)Government need to institute "watch dog groups" in order to police the programs and to make certain that the programs are in place and running. A 3-year trial needs to be established for any program of economic and market structure that is implemented for these countries. This is enough time to evaluate the program in place in order to ensure its workability. Experts in Africa need to be involved in all phases of implementation in order to combat corruption and promote stability.

(11)Poverty may be reduced if adequate and stable structure for economy and market is established, and the government leaders via the local leaders address all citizen's problems. The essential necessities -- housing, clothing and food - may be the top priorities for these countries in order to reduce the poverty.

(12)Professionals and skilled workers are to be encouraged through issuance of incentives in order to motivate them to stay and reside in these developing countries and help in the development of these countries rather than leaving for developed countries. Mass exodus from these developing countries only harms and delays the development of these countries.

(13)Construction of infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and bridges are important for the economic and market structure of developing countries. Food products and other necessities of life can be transported to their respective destinations as quickly as they are needed when good infrastructure is in place. It may also encourage in foreign investments. Investors will prefer to invest in stable countries to unstable countries.

(14)Construction and installation of adequate running water in developing countries and to all parts of the countries also will help in building stable economic and market structure. It will help in curtailing diseases such as typhoid's and malaria that usually come from unclean water. It will also help the children to focus in education and literacy programs rather than traveling miles upon miles to fetch water from the streams and wells. Some of these children die in taking these water-fetching adventures.

(15)Installation of electrical system may help in the growth of communities. Businesses cannot operate adequately where electricity is lacking. As such, these countries will require electricity in all areas of the countries as a form of economic development and market structure in order to help businesses function and grow, help in the food storage, and eradicate waste of food products that would otherwise be stored safely in cold rooms and refrigeration.

(16)Social Organizations need to be introduced to help the poor get out of poverty, and give them the opportunity to operate their own small businesses. This type of organizations are set up by the government as not-for-profit organizations, and the purpose is to develop the people's business skills and issue them interest free start-ups loans to enable them manage their own businesses, which in turn lead them to poverty free. They will guided them to the type of businesses to open, how to open them, where to open them, and why they should open those kinds of businesses.

(17)The potential goals may be achieved by enforcing the use of this model as a condition of receiving funding or foreign aid. As a way to check and ensure that monies do go to what they are intended for, developing countries pledge to use and implement this model. This model will check and police the development of the projects. The intention of this requirement is not to discriminate against developing countries, but to help the citizens of those countries as they have no way of benefiting from these funding and foreign aid that usually end up abused, misdirected, and misused for other personal and private purposes by the leaders due to corruption and venality.

Who Are the Developing Countries

World Bank defined developing countries as those with low-income economies with per capita incomes of 5 or less. World Bank is an International Organization that categorizes such countries as developing countries and also issues loans to them.

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