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Showing posts with label Dental. Show all posts

Yoni Massage Techniques - How to Appreciate the Divine in the Sacred Space

Valvoline Instant Oil Change Locations - Yoni Massage Techniques - How to Appreciate the Divine in the Sacred Space.
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Yoni is the approved Indian word for vagina. Sanskrit in origin, the broad interpretation is holy space. It is a term of reverence and respect and is the confidence that forms the root of Yoni massage. It is often used to free women from sexual inhibitions that may have been brought on by negative sexual or life experiences. It is used to free the woman's sexual vigor and offer publish of pent up energy. It can be very healing and can offer a girl the trail to wholeness. Too often the commonplace sexual caress produces the reverse effect. When focussing on the target of orgasm there is no room for leisure and pleasure in the instant.

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How is Yoni Massage Techniques - How to Appreciate the Divine in the Sacred Space

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The target of the Yoni massage isn't orgasm. It may occur and is adequate but it isn't a goal. The significance and point of the Yoni massage is to target the caress of touch, relaxation, pleasure and release. Each woman is at a separate place in her journey and each Yoni massage produces unique ends in an individual. To start a Yoni massage be sure and make a snug setting for the lady. It is of utmost significance that she feels relaxed and free from worry or concern. In order for her to caress the plenty of the Yoni massage she must not caress distraction or pain. With that condition, the Yoni massage can be done on a massage table, bed or any other comfortable location that allows room for the giver to move about. The room climatic characteristic should be snug for her to lie undressed and disclosed.

Start by massaging the full body. Dim the lights and use massage oil overtly.

To begin the Yoni massage, place a pillow covered by a towel under her hips and let her draw her legs up toward her chest and let them fall apart to a snug, relaxed position, supported by cushions. The Yoni will therefore be manifestly exposed and ready to the giver. Breathe deeply together before you start. You both need to become as relaxed as possible.

Induce the receiver to relax. Work your way over the gut, hips, chest and thighs totally before beginning a Yoni massage. When the receiver is adequately relaxed you can begin the Yoni massage by squeezing the outer lips steadily between your fingers and sliding them up and down the entire length of the lips. Be sure and use soft, relaxed, slow movements at any point. Keep in eye caress with the receiver and take your cues from her sign of pleasure or discomfort. If they are enjoying what you do continue, if they do not appear to be comfortable, move on to something else. You will then engage the clitoris using clockwise, circular motions. Squeeze it softly between your thumb and forefinger. It is intensely sensitive so be very controlled and sensitive with your touch.

The following step is to go into the Yoni by slowly inserting your middle finger of your right hand into the opening. Take tons of time.

Try and remain relaxed and convention deep breathing together. The slower your motions, the more pleasant the caress will be for the receiver. survey the inner caves of the Yoni. Convert the length, pressure and speed of your movements and watch the receiver for indications of pleasure. While your finger is in the Yoni, position the middle of your hand facing send and crook your finger in a come here request for retrial toward the front of the body. You must feel a minuscule, soft area just behind the pubic bone and under the clitoris. This is the holy spot in Tantric or enduringly called the G-Spot. Massage this spot awfully rigorously. It might be uncomfortable to the receiver so be sure and watch your other half's expression for cues.

Continue to give pleasure and healing in a diplomatic waves, stopping and slowing down when the feelings and sensations intensify, and then continue for at least 30 minutes.

Have fun!

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Developing and Modifying Security Design

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1. General.

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How is Developing and Modifying Security Design

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A. Planning for security should be an integral part of any function or project undertaken within a company. The most efficient and cost-effective method of instituting security measures into any facility or operation is through advance planning and continuous monitoring throughout the project or program. Selecting, constructing, or modifying a facility without considering the security implications of employee safety and assets protection can result in costly modifications and lost time.

B. Physical security programs should be administered within each region, center, and field activity based on the policy and the guidance set forth in a detailed security plan, to ensure the protection of personnel, visitors and assets. These programs should be continually and effectively administered by the appropriate organizational security officer and monitored to ensure their integrity. At a minimum, a physical security program should include:

(1) A physical security survey of each facility occupied to determine the security level of the facility and to determine the minimum-security safeguards required for protecting personnel and assets;

(2) An initial physical security survey prior to constructing, leasing, acquiring, modifying, or occupying a facility or area to determine the minimum-security safeguards is required to protect personnel and assets. A follow-up physical security survey must be done before acceptance of the property or occupancy of the facilities to ensure the completion of required modifications and security upgrades;

(3) Periodic reassessments of facilities to ascertain whether a security program meets pertinent company and facility standards or regulations;

(4) A comprehensive and continuing awareness and education effort to gain the interest and support of employees, contractors, consultants, and visitors; and

(5) Procedures for taking immediate, positive, and orderly action to safeguard life and property during an emergency.

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, and the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, as amended, require agencies to ensure accessibility and safety for employees, applicants, and members of the public with disabilities who are in facilities. The company security plan must ensure that accessibility and safety issues regarding people with disabilities are addressed in all relevant aspects of the establishment of appropriate physical security measures to protect personnel, real and personal property, and information. A key element to the success of this will be ensuring that security and facility officials are familiar with the legal requirements to meet the needs of people with disabilities while also maintaining physical security.

2. Facility Protection.

A. The extent of facility protection is determined by the senior official or manager of the activity based on the results of a comprehensive physical security survey of the facility.

(1) Perimeter protection is the first line of defense in providing physical security for personnel, property, and information at a facility.

(2) The second line of defense is interior controls. The extent of interior controls will be determined by considering the monetary value and criticality of the items and areas to be protected, the vulnerability of the facility, and the cost of the controls necessary to reduce that vulnerability.

(3) The cost of security controls normally should not exceed the monetary value of the item or areas to be protected, unless necessitated by criticality or national security.

3. Planning Facility Protection.

A. The objective of planning facility protection is to ensure both the integrity of operations and the security of assets. Planning for security must be an integral part of selecting, constructing, reconfiguring, or moving into a new facility.

B. The modification of a facility or addition of security measures after occupying a facility can be costly and impractical. Therefore, the responsible security officer and the facility management personnel need to coordinate closely, from the outset, on any addition, alteration, or new construction. The coordination should begin with the designers and architects and continue through the contracting process and actual construction and installation.

C. Many company offices occupy space in commercial buildings where a building manager executes the lease on behalf of the tenants. In leased office space, physical security may not be as easily controlled or be controlled to the same extent as in a facility where the company owns the facility. The tenants must rely on building manager to provide protection for the building, and it is therefore imperative that the security officer of the activity establishes a working relationship with the appropriate building officials to maintain an active role in the security decisions and processes that will affect the facility.

4. Facility Protection in Owned or Leased Facilities.

For buildings or grounds owned or leased by a company to include leased space from other companies, the senior official having jurisdiction of the real property is responsible for determining the degree of protection to be provided the space. The level of protection shall be based on a physical security survey of each facility conducted by the Security Manager using the guidelines and requirements cited in the security plan to evaluate the security of that facility on a case-by-case basis considering the facility's location, size and configuration, number of occupants, mission, extent of exterior lighting, presence of physical barriers, and other factors as may be deemed pertinent.

5. Facility Protection in Space Assigned Facilities.

For building and grounds which has space assignment responsibility, the company is responsible for furnishing normal protection not less than the degree of protection provided by commercial building operators of similar space for normal risk occupants, as determined by a physical security survey. This protection may include guards, access control, intrusion detection (alarms), closed circuit television surveillance (CCTV), inspection of packages, etc., when the survey determines the control is warranted for general occupancy and not necessitated by special activities or specific agencies. Special protection required due to the nature of the business conducted within the space or unusual public reaction to an agency's program and missions, whether or not of a continuing nature, is determined jointly by the security provider and the occupant agency or agencies and is provided on a reimbursable basis.

A. Protection Criteria. The security consultant determines the level of normal protective service on a case-by-case basis and normally considers the facility's location, size and configuration, the occupant agency's mission, history of criminal or disruptive incidents in the surrounding neighborhood, extent of exterior lighting, presence of physical barriers, and other factors as may be deemed pertinent.

B. Physical Protection. The security plan should provide normal and special protection through mobile patrol or fixed posts manned by uniformed personnel, security systems and devices, locking building entrances and gates during other than normal hours of occupancy, cooperation of local law enforcement agencies, or any combination thereof depending upon the facility and the degree of risk involved. The degree of normal and special protection is determined by completion of a physical security survey and/or crime prevention assessment.

C. Crime prevention. The security contingent collects and disseminates information about criminal activity on or against property under its' charge and control, provides crime prevention information programs to occupant and agencies upon request, and conducts crime prevention assessments in cooperation with occupant agencies.

6. Facility Protection in Facilities with Delegations of Authority.

In facilities where the company has delegated protection authority to the agency or prime tenant, some of the protection responsibilities are transferred to the agency, including procurement, installation, maintenance of physical security equipment and systems, and procurement and management of any guard contracts. Normally, the company will retain responsibility for physical security surveys, mobile patrols, monitoring of alarms, response to incidents, and requests for criminal investigations.

7. Design Factors.

It is imperative that security systems and procedures are considered from the design phase on, so that conduit runs and alarm wiring, heavy-duty materials, reinforcing devices and other necessary construction requirements are provided in the original plans.

A. Facility and Building Location.

(1) Determine the minimum-security safeguards as delineated by the Facility Security Standards, and incorporate them in your facility planning. Start by determining the security level of the facility, whether it is open to the public and the time it will take for enforcement response to incidents.

(2) Check geographical factors carefully. Avoid locating facilities near high crime, high traffic, or industrial areas. Take into account approach routes, traffic patterns, and nearby transportation.

(3) At a facility site, the number of separate buildings should be kept to a minimum, and they should be grouped close together.

B. Configuration of Space.

(1) Entrances. Facility or office entrances should be kept to a minimum commensurate with fire safety, to control access or prevent crime. Although convenience of employee access, parking, and deliveries must be considered, one entrance with multiple interior routes is preferable to several outside entrances. Entrances should be planned with guard posts and access control systems and procedures in mind. Reception desks, barriers, and other controls should be planned from the start. Accessibility of entrances for individuals with disabilities must also be considered and planned from the start.

(2) Access Controls. Plan for locking devices or controls at perimeter and interior doors. Provide for effective key control. Plan for protective, cleaning, and maintenance forces, and determine hours, locations, and levels of access for such personnel.

(3) Location of Offices and Facilities. Locate offices or other facilities in close proximity and on the same or successive floors. Try to locate sensitive operations such as credit unions or imp rest funds on upper or lower floors and away from entrances.

C. Safety and Fire Protection. Safety and fire protection requirements must be incorporated in any construction plans. With proper coordination, safety requirements can be achieved. Contact the Local Fire Marshal regarding National Fire Prevention Administration (NFPA) and local code requirements and construction standards.

D. Utilities. Utility systems should be protected against unauthorized access. Plan for protection of telephone and electrical closets and conduit runs, heating and cooling systems, water supplies, and boilers and generators.

E. Special Activities. Special emphasis should be placed on security systems and safeguards when constructing or modifying special or sensitive activities such as imp rest funds, computer facilities, equipment storage or shipping and receiving areas, classified work areas and mailrooms, and special-use areas such as warehouses or hazardous material storage areas.

F. Contingency Plans. A contingency plan must be developed for each delegated facility to protect personnel and property in the event of emergencies such as fire; bomb threats; civil disturbances; natural disasters; and chemical, biological, or radiological events. The Designated Official is responsible for developing, implementing, and maintaining an Occupant Emergency Plan.

8. Surveys and Inspections.

A physical security survey is an in-depth analysis to determine the extent of security measures, which will be needed for protecting personnel, property, and information. An inspection is a check or test against a certain set of standards or regulations to ascertain whether a security program or facility meets those standards or regulations. It is used to evaluate the implementation of regulations, the security awareness of employees, security administration, and existing internal management controls. The security officer to carry out his/her oversight responsibilities should use it as a tool.

A. Surveys.

(1) Purpose. The senior facility manager to determine the type and extent of security controls for the facility or areas will use the survey. Each type of physical security survey will include the determination of the security level and a security evaluation (threat assessment), which addresses the criticality of operations, the vulnerability of the facility or area, and the probability of compromise of the personnel or property contained therein. Facility Security Standards provides the criteria for determining what security level a facility is of the possible four (4) security levels. The security standards also provide a chart delineating the recommended minimum-security standards applicable to each of the four security levels addressing facility criticality, vulnerabilities, and risk of security penetrations. In those cases where the contractor does not provide a physical security survey, the security consultant and a facility manager should conduct a survey of the facility.

(2) Recommendations. The security consultant should work with the facility manager in developing a security plan for resolving any recommendations resulting from the surveys and inspections.

(3) Criticality, Vulnerability, and Probability/Risk. No survey is considered complete until all three of the factors below have been given full consideration and weight.

(a) Criticality. Criticality is the effect that partial or total loss of the facility or area would have on the facility's mission. The adversity of the effect is directly related to the criticality factor.

Examples of adverse effects include the interruption of a vital function, disruption of the continuity of operations, or the compromise of security information. A higher classification level of information handled or stored in a facility or area will increase the criticality.

(b) Vulnerability. Vulnerability of the facility or area is the susceptibility of a facility or area to damage or destruction or the possible theft or loss of property. Factors used to determine vulnerability include the size, configuration, and location of the facility or area, the local crime rate, and the proximity of law enforcement, and emergency response services.

(c) Probability/Risk. Probability deals with an assessment of the chances or risk that certain events could or might occur, such as a penetration of the perimeter, compromise of a system, or the occurrence of a variety of unauthorized activities.

(4) Type of Surveys.

(a) Initial Survey. The initial physical security survey is conducted prior to constructing, leasing, acquiring, modifying, or occupying a facility or area. It describes any modification required to raise the level of security commensurate with the levels of criticality and vulnerability. At a minimum, the initial survey must address the minimum-security requirements delineated in the Facilities Security Standards.

(b) Follow-up Survey. When recommendations are made in the initial physical security survey, a follow-up survey is conducted to ensure the completion of modifications. This survey should be conducted before acceptance of the property or occupancy.

(c) Supplemental Survey. The supplemental survey is conducted when changes in the organization, mission, facility, or the threat level of the facility alter or affect the security posture of the facility or area. This survey is conducted at the discretion of either the facility manager or the security manager. The Security Manager may require that facilities undergo a supplemental survey when there is a change of the overall threat level to all Survey facilities, such as the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001.

(d) Special Survey. The special survey is conducted to examine or resolve a specific issue, such as when there is a request for a Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) accredited facility or there is a need to investigate or assess damage resulting from an incident.

(5) Conducting Surveys.

Normally for owned, leased, and delegated facilities, the company will conduct surveys, and it will not be necessary for the security officer of the facility to conduct a physical security survey. For owned and leased facilities to include leased space from other companies, the manager of the facility must conduct the physical security survey. When necessary, the consultant actually conducting a survey should start by obtaining a layout of the facility, which depicts areas within the facility, access points, parking lots, warehouses, and any adjacent areas belonging to the facility. The consultant should interview program management officials to determine the mission and nature of operations, classification or sensitivity level of information, and value of assets. The consultant should also obtain the following:

(a) The facility's address, number of buildings and square footage, tenant organizations, approximates population, and names of key management officials;

(b) A description of features of the facility and conditions that produce vulnerabilities. Document the physical configuration of the office or facility for classified information storage areas;

(c) The law enforcement agency, fire department, and other organizations responsible for emergency response. Include the security force company or agency, and its response time;

(d) Type of construction of buildings at the facility;

(e) The determined value of monies or sensitive or unique equipment, the highest classification level of information, or the number and types of weapons;

(f) Description of access controls, alarms, guard services, and security containers; and

(g) Recommendations for improving security and pertinent implementing instructions, which include the required minimum-security standards as delineated by the Facility Security Standards.

(6) Survey Report. Survey reports are provided to the Designated Official. A written survey report should be generated that is thorough and precise. It should contain supporting exhibits such as floor plans and specifications. The survey report should be submitted to the facility or office manager for review, and the consultant should maintain a copy.

B. Inspections.

(1) Purpose. Inspections, which may be announced or unannounced, are usually conducted to determine the extent of compliance with security regulations or procedures, including those recommended during surveys. The security officer shall inspect facilities and programs under the security officer's cognizance as often as necessary to ensure compliance with the provisions of the applicable Standard Operations Procedure. The inspections should result in written inspection reports.

(2) Checklists.

(a) The Physical Security Program Checklist, (PSPC) can be used by a security officer to inspect the physical security of a facility.

(b) The PSPC requires the Security Officer to conduct a self-inspection program for the evaluation of all security procedures applicable to their operation for the protection of information. In order to assist the self-inspector in assessing the security posture of his/her facility, a Security Inspection Check List should be contained as Appendix B to the Security Post Orders.

(3) Recommendations. The security officer should assist the facility or office manager in resolving any discrepancies or implementing any recommendations.

(4) Types of Inspections.

(a) Evaluation. The evaluative or fact-finding inspection is generally positive in tone and promotes liaison and security awareness while taking a broad, general look at a facility or program. Deficiencies, which may be resolved either on the spot or within a non-specified time frame, may be noted and recommendations for further corrective actions may be made. The evaluative inspection can also help management officials in planning or upgrading their security programs.

(b) Compliance. The full compliance inspection generally is conducted for enforcement purposes. It focuses on compliance with established standards or regulations.

(c) Follow-up. Another form of compliance inspection is the follow-up inspection, conducted to ensure that facility officials have complied with recommendations from earlier inspections.

(d) After-hours Room Check. The after-hours room check is a form of compliance inspection. It monitors compliance with security regulations, especially involving areas where sensitive security information is processed or stored.

(e) Self-inspection. The security officer or facility manager to evaluate his/her own security program initiates the self-inspection. Additionally, self-inspections are required by each Security Officer to evaluate all security procedures applicable to their operation using the self-inspection checklist contained in Appendix B of the Post Orders. The initiator determines the scope and purpose of the self-inspection for an office, building, or other facility.

(f) Closeout. A closeout self-inspection is accomplished immediately prior to the action to administratively terminate a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF). During closeout inspections, all areas and containers authorized for the storage of classified material are checked to ensure all classified material has been removed.

(5) Frequency of Inspections. The frequency of inspections will be based on the criticality and vulnerability of the facility or the level of classification or value of information handled or stored at a facility. Following are the established standards:

(a) Each Document Custodian, and Security Officer is required to conduct an annual self-inspection program utilizing the Security Inspection Check List in Appendix B of the Post Orders.

(b) The Facility Manager coordinates a schedule of periodic inspections of compliance with the Security Manager. A review of the completed annual self-inspection checklist serves as the basis for these inspections. The Security Manager coordinates a schedule of periodic inspections of the Security Officers and the security program.

(c) In conjunction with periodic field assistance visits, the Security Manager conducts inspections of the facilities and the accountability and control of company and departmental identification cards, badges, and smart cards.

(6) Conducting Inspections.

(a) Plan an inspection by determining the scope, type, and method. Schedule the inspection, and if appropriate, provide written notice. The notice should provide the date(s), purpose, proposed interview schedule, and request for any information needed by the security officer. Review past inspection reports and prepare a list of questions or a checklist to structure the inspection.

(b) Upon arrival at the site and prior to departure, the inspector should meet with the senior manager to discuss the inspection. Collect a sufficient sampling of data from interviews with on-site employees and contractors and from touring the facility. Obtain information to support findings in the inspection report. Report favorable findings as well as deficiencies. Check awareness and adherence to local security procedures. Document any discrepancies corrected on the spot.

(c) After sufficient data is collected, the inspector should analyze all findings, compare them with applicable security regulations, list discrepancies and cite regulatory references, recommend corrective action, and write the inspection report.

(d) The inspection report should be produced within 10 working days of completion of the inspection. The report should be distributed to the office, facility, or regional manager in a timely manner and require a response to any recommendations. Copies of final inspection reports shall be provided to the Security Management Office.

9. Awareness and Education.

A security program is most effective when employees practice security daily. That sort of interest and support can be gained through an effective security awareness and education program that encompasses all aspects of security. The security manager is responsible for carrying out and administering a comprehensive, on-going security awareness and education program for all employees in his/her respective activity.

A. Awareness and Educations Plans. The security manager must plan an effective program of instruction and efficient use of training material provided for specific training purposes. The security manager may also tailor presentations to the organization and solicit other security professionals to speak on their areas of responsibility, training, and experience. For example, a local police representative could address crime prevention and will provide on-site crime-prevention seminars.

B. Briefings.

(1) Initial Orientation Briefings.

(a) Simply providing printed security regulations is not an effective way to promote complete understanding of security responsibilities. A verbal orientation briefing, supplemented with audio-visuals and handouts, is more effective. Where possible, it should be presented personally. Where this is not practical, it may be presented in the form of videotape or other recording.

(b) The initial orientation, whether written or verbal, should address general physical security principles, including common security hazards, building security and crime prevention, key system or site-specific access controls, vehicle control, and property accountability or package inspection programs. It should also address implementation of regulations relating to the handling and safeguarding of security information, including reporting requirements and nondisclosure provisions.

(c) Crime Prevention. A well-rounded security awareness and education program includes information on crime prevention. Encourage employees to minimize opportunities for crime by knowing the signs of unauthorized activity; practicing good office security; and reporting unauthorized activity, security deficiencies, violations, and safety hazards.

10. Incident Reporting.

An incident reporting program is an essential element in any security program. The timely reporting of thefts, losses, or damage of property and the tampering or unauthorized disclosure of information is important. A timely report increases the possibility of recovering the property, minimizing damage, and apprehending the perpetuator. Any employee who discovers, witnesses, or has knowledge of a criminal, dangerous, or unauthorized practice or condition, or a violation of security regulations shall immediately report the matter to the appropriate authorities.

A. Reporting Serious Incidents, Unusual Events, and Emergencies. The senior official at a facility is responsible for reporting serious incidents, unusual events, or emergency conditions that affect the operations to his/her Director for their appropriate action.

(1) Security Management Office. The Regional Director or his/her designee must report the following information to the USGS Security Management Office for further reporting to the DOI Watch Office:

(a) Homeland Security and Facility Infrastructure Protection.

o Threats, attempted sabotage or terrorist activity directed against facilities.

o Threats, attempted sabotage or terrorist activity directed against mineral, oil, natural gas or electrical grid on lands.

o Information regarding threatened or actual demonstrations that may impact upon mission-essential facilities, critical infrastructure, or national monuments.

o Threats or damage from natural disasters or technological emergencies impacting mission-essential facilities or critical infrastructure.

(b) Other.

o Incidents resulting in property damage exceeding ,000.

o Incidents with potential to result in media interest.

o Serious incidents involving employees on official duty, including incidents attracting media or diplomatic attention.

o Other incidents that warrant attention by the Office of the Secretary.

(2) Emergency Coordinator. The Security Director or his/her designee must report the following information:

(a) Deaths, Injuries, and Accidents.

o Fatalities on company properties, excluding natural causes.

o Employee fatalities, while on duty.

o Life-threatening injury to employee, while in performance of their duties.

o Serious injury to multiple employees or visitors.

(b) Disaster and Emergency Incidents Response.

o Natural disasters affecting lands or facilities that cause injury, significant damage, impact visitor use, or degrade the ability to provide vital services.

o Serious incidents such as major structural fires, structural failures, or other emergency events affecting facilities that cause injury, significant damage, impact visitor use, or degrade the ability to provide vital services.

o Warnings of natural disasters or other serious emergencies that threaten facilities or infrastructure, and preparedness measures taken in response to such threats.

o Information on events monitored by Departmental of Homeland Security or the Watch Office that may impact on adjacent areas.

o Emergency preparedness and response activities involving bomb and other threats.

o Warnings, alerts or advisories related to emergency conditions issued to the public by various government bureaus and offices, including dam failures, flood, earthquake and volcanoes.

o Major search and rescue activities involving large numbers of personnel or coordination of interagency resources.

(c) Fires.

o Take the actions necessary to mitigate the potential damages caused by fire (i.e., notifying the fire department, directing the responding units to the site of the fire, assisting in maintaining control of the perimeter).

o Security officers shall alert the Watch Office to major incidents, which cause injury, significant damage, or impact visitor use.)

B. Reporting Incidents to Law Enforcement Agencies.

(1) Security procedures require that cases of theft, unauthorized use, or vandalism of company property be reported to the Security Manager. He/She will decide whether to report the incident to local or State law enforcement authority where appropriate. Additionally, all thefts and vandalism of property must be recorded in the appropriate security logs. In cases where the value of the property stolen or missing is valued at less than 0, the report will be placed in the administrative files for analysis but normally no investigation will be conducted, except as directed by the security manager.

(2) Standard Operations Procedures (SOP) requires the prompt reporting of all crimes and suspicious circumstances occurring on controlled property to the Security Manager. An Offense/Incident Report is the standard reporting form. The security officer in reporting the incident must use this form. The form requests information such as date; time and location of incident; details regarding lost, stolen, or damaged items; nature of the incident; and any suspects involved. Supplies of the form can be obtained from the Security Manager or the Building Manager.

C. Administrative Reporting. The incident reporting requirements stated herein are not a substitute for nor do they eliminate the need for compliance with any additional reporting requirements prescribed or pertaining to motor vehicle incidents and to the loss, damage, and mishandling of company property.

11. Emergency Planning and Evacuation.

A. Occupant Emergency Plan (OEP). In accordance with "Occupant Emergency Program," immediate, positive, and orderly action must be taken to safeguard life and property in company facilities during emergencies. Examples of emergency situations are bomb threats; civil disorders; fires; explosions; chemical, biological, or radiological events; natural disasters; direct threat to a major computer facility; and immediate threat of compromise of classified information. These situations require the development of an emergency evacuation plan for each affected facility. Each security officer should cooperate with and assist the Designated Official or safety personnel responsible for developing the OEP.

(1) Emergency procedures are normally provided by the Building Manager with input from officials of the security detail.

(2) The senior facility manager shall coordinate the development of the OEP in consultation with the servicing safety officer and building management officials.

(a) Managed Space. In space owned or managed, offices and facilities will rely on issued guidance and protective measures to implement the Homeland Security Administration (HSAS) issued guidance and protective measures. Guidance issued by Security Manager will be the minimum measures to be taken at each Threat Condition. Principal managers may develop additional measures, as they deem appropriate. Principal managers are responsible for establishing a notification system to ensure that appropriate personnel are notified of changes in protective measures and of threat information affecting the office/facility. Additionally, the principal manager is also responsible for developing means of informing employees about their responsibilities under different threat levels and protective measures.

(b) The Security Manager will notify Security Officers who are responsible for notifying the principal building manager of the owned or leased facility. Principal managers are responsible for establishing a notification system to ensure that appropriate personnel are notified of changes in protective measures and of threat information affecting the office/facility. Additionally, the principal manager is also responsible for developing means of informing employees about their responsibilities under different threat levels and protective measures.

The Security Management System operates the following key functions and processes:
Safeguards and Security Training and Qualification, Protection Program Planning, and Self-Assessment Programs.

The Training and Qualification Programs, should include individual development plans for each staff member, to ensure that staff is qualified to perform assigned duties and responsibilities in support of the applicable program requirements. The individual development plans provide a means to ensure the continued growth and development of each staff member.

The activities of the Assessment Program must include conducting scheduled reviews of all topical areas using the Inspection Standards and Criteria, and for Safeguards and Security Orders and Standards and Criteria are utilized to ensure compliance with each of the program requirements. Performance objectives and indicators may be included as areas for assessment. Assessments also identify areas for potential process improvement to ensure the continual growth resulting in improved operations and processes.

I hope you have new knowledge about Mobil Oil Change Locations. Where you may offer use in your everyday life. And above all, your reaction is Mobil Oil Change Locations. View Related articles associated with Mobil Oil Change Locations. I Roll below. I have suggested my friends to help share the Facebook Twitter Like Tweet. Can you share Developing and Modifying Security Design.

How Much Money Does it Cost to Start a Small Business?

Mobil Oil Change Locations - How Much Money Does it Cost to Start a Small Business?. The content is nice quality and helpful content, That is new is that you simply never knew before that I know is that I have discovered. Before the distinctive. It's now near to enter destination How Much Money Does it Cost to Start a Small Business?.

Do you know about - How Much Money Does it Cost to Start a Small Business?

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The answer usually is - as much as you have, and then a little more.

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How is How Much Money Does it Cost to Start a Small Business?

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But seriously, how much money does it cost to start a business ranges from a few dollars to millions. It depends on how much you're willing to spend.

If you want to start a big franchise with a physical location, it can cost well over a million dollars. For instance, a D'Arcy McGee's Pub requires .8 million in liquid capital. Greasy Monkey Oil Change Franchise board recommends you have 0,000 over and above the 0,000 franchise fee.

That doesn't mean that every franchise is in the million dollar plus range. A Caring Hearts Home Care Franchise costs just 00 to start up. So, how much money does it cost to start a small business franchise is from the low thousands of dollars.

But your options are not limited to franchises. For instance, you can open a restaurant, oil change shop, or home care referral service without going through the expense of a franchise.

If that is your choice, you will have three sets of expenses. First, you will have to get the site and the equipment - your capital expenses. Next, you will need to have money for operating expenses. Finally, you will have to develop a marketing plan on your own and have the funds to implement it.

Are there low cost businesses you can open? Of course.

Working from home eliminates the cost of having commercial or office space. If you have a service you can provide or a product you can produce from your home, your start up costs could consist of 0 in supplies and a web site.

Working from home has become more accepted and desired in recent years.

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Turning Around a Quick Lube Business

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Not long ago, an acquaintance suggested buying an existing quick lube oil change business. His plan was to get it up and running fast, increasing the income it was generating and then stepping back after 3-months and allowing that business to run steady with a group of solid employees. He was not interested in micro-management, but rather system management and marketing. Going out and bringing in the new business with his many business contacts around town.

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How is Turning Around a Quick Lube Business

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Indeed, I asked if this would be an absentee business once he got things going? And he said not really "absentee, but I wouldn't be full time either, as he has other businesses that he also does around town." Still, he planned to spend the morning hours there, and closing time too, as he put it, he wanted to work to develop the "the culture, implementing/experimenting with new sales systems and improving the customer experience."

Wow, that sure sounds great. And the best way to implement a new marketing program and to get the business pumping would be to canvas the neighborhoods in the 10-mile radius, and hit commuters with innovative signage, car shows in the parking lot on the weekends, church specials for elderly, and things like "pet adoption day" - car washing fundraisers, and community stuff. Then develop an incentive program and team work.

As far as team work and the culture, I recommended that he read "The World on Time" for some thoughts on this topic. Because if he plans to build the business up for 3-5 months and then step away, he needs to consider that. He also indicated the desire to build up "affiliate relationships with local businesses, especially [auto] related businesses."

Yes, I can safely say, from experience that it works KILLER! and he is right, he definitely should! Tire companies, paint shops, RV storage, mobile detail folks, - "you hand out their flyers, they hand out yours, and invite them to meet at your shop every week for breakfast to talk over "fleet accounts" - and customer base," I told him. It's very wise to do this. You can really increase sales, referrals, etc. It's just amazing.

Indeed, I also suggested that he expand the quick lubes customer base by adding services for Motorhomes, RVs, Boats, tour buses, and trailers, etc. And yet, I thought, well three to five months, well that maybe possible, it's hard to say, it's not that easy, don't be too optimistic or naive, remember the US is still in Iraq and Afghanistan, same game, different place - seriously.

Now then, here are some additional considerations when looking at this scenario. An operator of this type needs to ask himself;

1. Do you have any passion for the business?
2. If you are planning a 3-5 month escape plan and you think this thing is going to run on auto-pilot, we'll it's not that easy, and also where are you starting from?
3. Do you have a long history of auto-repair business?
4. Are you a motor head?
5. Do you change your own oil?

You see, sometimes beginner's luck does favor someone like outside the industry, but you have to be brazenly bold, absolutely focused, and have the will to win - to pull this off. Do you? Seriously, I mean that's what it's about. And maybe it will take longer than 3-5 months, so what if it takes up to 3-years, and not just part time, but complete immersion? Can you handle being tied down like that if that's what is needed.

Michael Gerber is correct in his advice, but the quick lube business is much different than other types of businesses, it's not just a "plug and play" cookie cutter type thing if you really want to rock the local market. And there are significant down-sides to this too, and you will be using your own money right?

If you have similar questions, concerns, or comments on all of this, then please shoot me an email and let's talk. And as always please consider all this and think on it, deal?

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History of the Media, Radio, and Television

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When were the forms of media created? When did advertising first show up? Who owns the media?

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How is History of the Media, Radio, and Television

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Creation of the various forms of media

*

Newspapers & Magazines ~ 1880

*

Movies ~ 1910

*

Television ~ 1945

*

Cable Television ~ 1980's

*

Satellite Television, Internet, Digital Communication ~ End of the 20th century

In 1920, radio was first developed, primarily for use by the military, strictly for sendingHistory of the Media - Old Radios messages from one location to another. David Sternoff, the then-president of RCA, first had the idea to sell radio sets to consumers, or what were then called radio receivers. However, consumers needed a reason to buy radios, so RCA was the first to set up radio stations all over the country. Between 1920 and 1922, 400 radio stations were set up, starting with KBKA in Pittsburgh. Stations were also set up by universities, newspapers, police departments, hotels, and labor unions.

*

By 1923, there were 600 radio stations across the United States, and million worth of sets had been sold.

The biggest difference in radio before and after 1923 was that the first advertising was not heard on the radio until 1923. RCA at the time was made up of four companies:

*

AT&T

*

General Electric

*

United Fruit

*

Westinghouse

United Fruit was one of the first global corporations, and one of the first to advertise on the radio. The AT&T division of RCA first thought about selling time on the air to companies, which marked the start of "toll broadcasting." WEAF was the first station to operate this way, causing widespread outrage, and accusation of "polluting the airwaves."

Because of this controversy, the practice of selling advertising time was called "trade name publicity." Sponsors linked their name with a program on the air, rather than advertising a specific product in a 30 second "commercial" as we know it today.

Why did AT&T decide to experiment with charging companies for air time?

AT&T was not making any money from broadcasting at the time since they only made transmitters, not receivers. They only made money when new radio stations bought the equipment required to broadcast. They did not make money from consumers buying radios.

AT&T also started the practice of paying performers for their time on the air, rather than only volunteers, which was standard practice for radio content up until that point.

The first radio network

In 1926, RCA set up the first radio network, NBC. They decided it was more effective and efficient to produce shows in New York City, and then link the main radio station with stations all across the country, connected by AT&T (another RCA company) phone lines. (Now television networks are linked by satellite to their affiliates).

This was the beginning of the network affiliates system. The ideal network makes sure everyone in the country is capable of listening to their signal. NBC at the time had two philosophies:

*

Radio content was a "public service," whose function was to sell radios.

*

Radio content was designed to generate income from advertising.

History of the Media In 1927, the second network was formed. It was CBS, started by William Paley. Paley was the first to think that networks could make money strictly from advertising, not even getting involved in the sales of radios. Like AT&T, CBS did not make radios. From the start, they made their money from selling advertising.

The rising of radio networks caused the Radio Act of 1927 to be passed, which established the FRC, or what is now known as the FCC, to allocate broadcast licenses. The need for such an organization was brought on by the fact that airwaves are limited resources, and broadcasting itself is a scarce public resource. By the 1930's, the structure of radio have been set by the commercial format, although advertising never dominated radio like it would television later on.

In the 1920's and '30's, radio programs were divided into two groups. Sponsored shows, which had advertisers, and unsponsored shows, which did not. The radio station paid for the unsponsored shows. The sponsored shows, on the other hand, were created entirely by the company sponsoring the show; advertisers were totally in charge of the radio station's content. The content became advertising. Radio set the precedent for television, in that the same companies that controlled radio early on went on to control television.

Soon thereafter, television inherited the structure of radio. In the '40's, during the rise of television, RCA also held a monopoly on all television sets sold. By 1945-1955, advertising had taken over all of television. Television was organized around the premise of selling things. The entire television industry was creating a political atmosphere of suspicion and fear. Senator Joseph McCarthy, the founder of McCarthyism, which was based on the fear of Communism, and the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee, began to question people involved in television about their beliefs and associations.

What affected television in its early stages?

*

Politics (McCarthyism / HUAC).

*

Blacklists: From almost the inception of television, many writers, directors, and actors were considered to be pro-Communist and/or un-American.

Certain topics were totally off-limits at the time for television, particularly issues of race relations in the 1960's. Overall, networks were not happy with the political situation for television in the 1960's, both in terms of the blacklists, and of the fact that when every show had one sponsor, that sponsor controlled the entire program. Networks preferred to control the program, by way of moving to multiple sponsors/advertisers, where networks would retain control of the show, and advertisers would buy time in between the programming.

In the 1950's, networks decided to eliminate the practice of sponsors controlling the shows with a move to spot selling, or advertisements between programs, as we know it today. What caused the move to spot selling?

1.

Discovery of fraud in the quiz shows on television. Quiz shows were extremely popular at the time, and were liked by the networks, the sponsors, and the viewers alike. It turned out, however, that quiz shows were largely fixed. Charles Van Doren on "21" became a huge star due to his repeated wins, until it came out that the whole thing had been fixed. In the case of "The ,000 Question," the owner of Revlon was personally hand-selecting the winners and losers on the show.

2.

It was becoming financially difficult for just one advertiser to support an entire show.

Around this same time came the inception of ratings to measure a show's popularity. Ratings, quite simply, measure the number of people watching a show. To understand why ratings are so important, it's crucial to understand how the television industry works, through three questions, and their respective answers:

1.

Who owns television? [The networks]

2.

What is sold on television? [Viewer's time, not television shows]

3.

Who are the customers of television? [Advertisers, not viewers]

This might be a counterintuitive concept for some. The networks, which own television, areHistory of the Media - Old Television the buyers of shows, not the sellers. On the other hand, they sell our eyeballs, so to speak, to advertisers. Networks want the maximum possible profit from buying and selling time, both viewers' time, and advertisers' time.

The primary measure of television ratings, which determine the price of that time being bought and sold, is AC Nielsen, an independent company which provides information as to who watches what on television. Currently, about 4,000 households are used to represent the national viewing of television. In the 1980's, only 1,200 households were used. Some households have an electronic device installed on their television which tracks what they watch, while others keep a diary of viewing habits.

There are two measures for determining a show's audience. One is the rating, and the other is the share.

*

Rating: Percentage of total homes with televisions tuned into a particular show.

*

Share: Percentage of those watching television at a particular time who are tuned into a particular show.

The share is always greater than the rating. Ratings are more important for advertisers, and share is more important to the networks.

Example:

*

Total households with televisions: 150 million

*

Total households watching television at 8pm on Monday nights: 90 million

*

Total households watching American Idol at 8pm on Monday nights: 45 million

*

Therefore: Rating: 30, Share: 50

It's important to note how many factors can skew the results. Shows cost producers much more than the networks typically pay them for those shows. The way for producers to make money is by getting the networks to renew the show, in order to have a shot at making money from syndication on other channels, also knows as reruns. That is the case when individual stations (say for example, the Miami affiliate of ABC wants to carry Seinfeld), buy the rights to a show from the producers of that show. Shows that last only one season, for the most part, lose millions of dollars. One of the most important factors in whether shows will be renewed or not is their rating.

This brings us to how ratings can be skewed. For example, if a show has a 20 share, and it needs a 25 share to be renewed for another season, what might the producers do? In principle, they need to convince another 5% of the people watching television when their show is on to watch their show; this is no simple task, as that involves convincing millions of people. However, since the ratings are based on those 4,000 Nielsen households, that means that they could convince just 200 Nielsen households to watch their show, which would increase the share from 20 to 25. This is why Nielsen households must be kept totally secret from the networks. When the Nielsen households have leaked to the networks, one way which they got people to watch their show was by offering viewers a small sum of money for filling out a survey about a commercial which they were told would play only during a particular show. Since they had to watch that channel while their show was on, this would boost the share.

Once ratings are determined, advertising prices are set by two factors:

* The size of the audience.

* The demographics (income, age, gender, occupation, etc) of the audience.

In short, the job of television programs is to collect our time as a product, which they then sell to advertisers. Programs have to support the advertising, delivering viewers in the best possible state of mind for buying when the time for the commercials comes, which brings us to the Golden Age of Television.

The 1950's are considered the "Golden Age of Television." During this time, something called the "Anthology Series," where different actors each week took part in a show gained History of the Media - I Love Lucypopularity across the board...that is, with everyone except for advertisers. The anthology series format was not right for advertisers, as it covered topics which involved psychological confrontations which did not leave the viewers in the proper state of mind for buying the products shown to them between program segments. The subject matter of the anthology series was of the type that undermined the ads, almost making them seem fraudulent.

This brought up the question of what to network executives actually want shows to do? The answer is not to watch a program that makes them feel good, makes them laugh, or excites them, but rather to watch the television for a set amount of time. With so many new shows being proposed, standards began to be intentionally, or unintentionally, laid out for what shows could and couldn't do. Risks could only be taken at the beginning and/or end of shows. Laugh tracks were conceived to tell the audience when to laugh. Programs began being tested with audiences prior to being put on television and/or radio. Show writers now had to write shows that would test well.

Naturally, this caused many of the same elements and themes to appear in all shows. This was the beginning of recombinant television culture, where the same elements are endlessly repeated, recombined, and mixed.

This same culture is what perpetuated the idea that people watch television, not specific shows. While people certainly choose to watch certain shows instead of others, people less commonly choose to watch television instead of other things. People watch television. Regardless of what was on, television viewing rates were extremely stable.

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4G Mobile Broadband - LTE Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

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Mobil 1 Oil Change Locations - 4G Mobile Broadband - LTE Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

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ABSTRCT

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How is 4G Mobile Broadband - LTE Network Architecture and Protocol Stack

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The goal of the LTE standard is to create specifications for a new radio-access technology geared to higher data rates, low latency and greater spectral efficiency. The spectral efficiency target for the LTE system is three to four times higher than the current HSPA system. These aggressive spectral efficiency targets require using the technology envelope by employing advanced air-interface techniques such as low-PAPR orthogonal uplink multiple access based on SC-FDMA(single-carrier frequency division multiple access) MIMO multiple-input multiple-output multi-antenna technologies, inter-cell interference mitigation techniques, low latency channel structure and single-frequency network (SFN) broadcast. The researchers and engineers working on the standard come up with new innovative technology proposals and ideas for system performance improvement. Due to the highly aggressive standard development schedule, these researchers and engineers are generally unable to publish their proposals in conferences or journals, etc. In the standards development phase, the proposals go through extensive scrutiny with multiple sources evaluating and simulating the proposed technologies from system performance improvement and implementation complexity perspectives. Therefore, only the highest-quality proposals and ideas finally make into the standard.

Keywords: LTE Architecture, UDP, GDP, MIMO, MIME, MCCH, MBMS, QOS

1. INTRODUCYION

The LTE network architecture is designed with the goal of supporting packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility, quality of service (QoS) and minimal latency. A packet-switched approach allows for the supporting of all services including voice through packet connections. The result in a highly simplified flatter architecture with only two types of node namely evolved Node-B (eNB) and mobility management entity/gateway (MME/GW). This is in contrast to many more network nodes in the current hierarchical network architecture of the 3G system. One major change is that the radio network controller (RNC) is eliminated from the data path and its functions are now incorporated in eNB. Some of the benefits of a single node in the access network are reduced latency and the distribution of the RNC processing load into multiple eNBs. The elimination of the RNC in the access network was possible partly because the LTE system does not support macro-diversity or soft-handoff.

2. LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

All the network interfaces are based on IP protocols. The eNBs are interconnected by means of an X2 interface and to the MME/GW entity by means of an S1 interface as shown in Figure1. The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relationship between MME/GW and eNBs.

The functional split between eNB and MME/GW is shown in Figure 2 Two logical gateway entities namely the serving gateway (S-GW) and the packet data network gateway (P-GW) is defined. The S-GW acts as a local mobility anchor forwarding and receiving packets to and from the eNB serving the UE. The P-GW interfaces with external packet data networks (PDNs) such as the Internet and the IMS. The P-GW also performs several IP functions such as address allocation, policy enforcement, packet filtering and routing.

The MME is a signaling only entity and hence user IP packets do not go through MME. An advantage of a separate network entity for signaling is that the network capacity for signaling and traffic can grow independently. The main functions of MME are idle-mode UE reach ability including the control and execution of paging retransmission, tracking area list management, roaming, authentication, authorization, P-GW/S-GW selection, bearer management including dedicated bearer establishment, security negotiations and NAS signaling, etc.

Evolved Node-B implements Node-B functions as well as protocols traditionally implemented in RNC. The main functions of eNB are header compression, ciphering and reliable delivery of packets. On the control side, eNB incorporates functions such as admission control and radio resource management. Some of the benefits of a single node in the access network are reduced latency and the distribution of RNC the network side are now terminated in eNB.

Figure 1: Network Architecture

Figure 2: Functional split between eNB and MME/GW.

2.1 PROTOCOL STACK AND CONYTOL PLANE

The user plane protocol stack is given in Figure 3.We note that packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) and radio link control (RLC) layers traditionally terminated in RNC on Figure 4 shows the control plane protocol stack.

Figure 3: User plane protocol.

Figure 4: Control plane protocol stack.

We note that RRC functionality traditionally implemented in RNC is now incorporated into eNB. The RLC and MAC layers perform the same functions as they do for the user plane. The functions performed by the RRC include system information broadcast, paging, radio bearer control, RRC connection management, mobility functions and UE measurement reporting and control. The non-access stratum (NAS) protocol terminated in the MME on the network side and at the UE on the terminal side performs functions such as EPS (evolved packet system) bearer management, authentication and security control, etc.

The S1 and X2 interface protocol stacks are shown in Figures 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.We note that similar protocols are used on these two interfaces. The S1 user plane interface (S1-U) is defined between the eNB and the S-GW. The S1-U interface uses GTP-U (GPRS tunneling protocol - user data tunneling) on UDP/IP transport and provides non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs between the eNB and the S-GW. The GTP-U is a relatively simple IP based tunneling protocol that permits many tunnels between each set of end points. The S1 control plane interface (S1-MME) is defined as being between the eNB and the MME. Similar to the user plane, the transport network layer is built on IP transport and for the reliable

Figure 5: S1 interface user and control planes.

Figure 6: X2 interface user and control planes.

Transport of signaling messages SCTP (stream control transmission protocol) is used on top of IP The SCTP protocol operates analogously to TCP ensuring reliable, in-sequence transport of messages with congestion control. The application layer signaling protocols are referred to as S1 application protocol (S1-AP) and X2 application protocol (X2-AP) for S1 and X2 interface control planes respectively.

3. QOS AND BEARER SERVICE ARCHITECTURE

Applications such as VoIP, web browsing, video telephony and video streaming have special QoS needs. Therefore, an important feature of any all-packet network is the provision of a QoS mechanism to enable differentiation of packet flows based on QoS requirements. In EPS, QoS flows called EPS bearers are established between the UE and the P-GW as shown in Figure 7. A radio bearer transports the packets of an EPS bearer between a UE and an eNB. Each IP flow (e.g. VoIP) is associated with a different EPS bearer and the network can prioritize traffic accordingly.

Figure 7: EPS bearer service architecture.

When receiving an IP packet from the Internet, P-GW performs packet classification based on certain predefined parameters and sends it an appropriate EPS bearer. Based on the EPS bearer, eNB maps packets to the appropriate radio QoS bearer. There is one-to-one mapping between an EPS bearer and a radio bearer.

4. LAYER 2 STRUCTURE

The layer 2 of LTE consists of three sub layers namely medium access control, radio link control (RLC) and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP). The service access point (SAP) between the physical (PHY) layer and the MAC sub layer provide the transport channels while the SAP between the MAC and RLC sub layers provide the logical channels. The MAC sub layer performs multiplexing of logical channels on to the transport channels.

The downlink and uplink layer 2 structures are given in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The difference between downlink and uplink structures is that in the downlink, the MAC sub layer also handles the priority among UEs in addition to priority handling among the logical channels of a single UE. The other functions performed by the MAC sub layers in both downlink and uplink include mapping between the logical and the transport channels.
Multiplexing of RLC packet data units (PDU), padding, transport format selection and hybrid ARQ (HARQ).

The main services and functions of the RLC sub layers include segmentation, ARQ in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection, etc. The in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs is not guaranteed at handover. The reliability of RLC can be configured to either acknowledge mode (AM) or un-acknowledge mode (UM) transfers. The UM mode can be used for radio bearers that can tolerate some loss. In AM mode, ARQ functionality of RLC Retransmits transport blocks that fail recovery by HARQ. The recovery at HARQ may fail due to hybrid ARQ NACK to ACK error or because the maximum number of retransmission attempts is reached. In this case, the relevant transmitting ARQ entities are notified and potential retransmissions and re-segmentation can be initiated.

Figure 8: Downlink layer 2 structure.

Figure 9: Uplink layer 2 structure.

The PDCP layer performs functions such as header compression and decompression, ciphering and in-sequence delivery and duplicate detection at handover for RLCAM, etc. The header compression and decompression is performed using the robust header compression (ROHC) protocol. 5.1 Downlink logical, transport and physical channels

4.1 DOWNLINK LOGICAL, TRANSPORT AND PHYSICAL CHANNELS

The relationship between downlink logical, transport and physical channels is shown in Figure 10. A logical channel is defined by the type of information it carriers. The logical channels are further divided into control channels and traffic channels. The control channels carry control-plane information, while traffic channels carry user-plane information.

In the downlink, five control channels and two traffic channels are defined. The downlink control channel used for paging information transfer is referred to as the paging control channel (PCCH). This channel is used when the network has no knowledge about the location cell of the UE. The channel that carries system control information is referred to as the broadcast control channel (BCCH). Two channels namely the common control channel (CCCH) and the dedicated control channel (DCCH) can carry information between the network and the UE. The CCCH is used for UEs that have no RRC connection while DCCH is used for UEs that have an RRC connection. The control channel used for the transmission of MBMS control information is referred to as the multicast control channel (MCCH). The MCCH is used by only those UEs receiving MBMS.

The two traffic channels in the downlink are the dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) and the multicast traffic channel (MTCH). A DTCH is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a single UE for the transmission of user information. An MTCH is a point-to-multipoint channel used for the transmission of user traffic to UEs receiving MBMS. The paging control channel is mapped to a transport channel referred to as paging channel (PCH). The PCH supports discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving. A DRX cycle is indicated to the UE by the network. The BCCH is mapped to either a transport channel referred to as a broadcast channel (BCH) or to the downlink shared channel (DLSCH).

Figure 10: Downlink logical, transport and physical channels mapping.

The BCH is characterized by a fixed pre-defined format as this is the first channel UE receives after acquiring synchronization to the cell. The MCCH and MTCH are either mapped to a transport channel called a multicast channel (MCH) or to the downlink shared channel (DL-SCH). The MCH supports MBSFN combining of MBMS transmission from multiple cells. The other logical channels mapped to DL-SCH include CCCH, DCCH and DTCH. The DL-SCH is characterized by support for adaptive modulation/coding, HARQ, power control, semi-static/dynamic resource allocation, DRX, MBM Transmission and multi antenna technologies. All the four-downlink transport channels have the requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of a cell.

The BCH is mapped to a physical channel referred to as physical broadcast channel (PBCH), which is transmitted over four sub frames with 40 ms timing interval. The 40 ms timing is detected blindly without requiring any explicit signaling. Also, each sub frame transmission of BCH is self-decodable and UEs with good channel conditions may not need to wait for reception of all the four sub frames for PBCH decoding. The PCH and DL-SCH are mapped to a physical channel referred to as physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH). The multicast channel (MCH) is mapped to physical multicast channel (PMCH), which is the multi-cell MBSFN transmission channel.

The three stand-alone physical control channels are the physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and the physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH). The PCFICH is transmitted every sub frame and carries information on the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCH. The PDCCH is used to inform the UEs about the resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH as well as modulation, coding and hybrid ARQ information related to DL-SCH. A maximum of three or four OFDM symbols can be used for PDCCH. With dynamic indication of number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCH via PCFICH, the unused OFDM symbols among the three or four PDCCH OFDM symbols can be used for data transmission. The PHICH is used to carry hybrid ARQ ACK/NACK for uplink transmissions.

4.2 UPLINK LOGICAL, TRANSPORT AND PHYSICAL CHANNELS

The relationship between uplink logical, transport and physical channels is shown in Figure 2.11. In the uplink two control channels and a single traffic channel is defined. As for the downlink, common control channel (CCCH) and dedicated control channel (DCCH) are used to carry information between the network and the UE. The CCCH is used for UEs having no RRC connection while DCCH is used for UEs having an RRC connection. Similar to downlink, dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) is a point-to-point channel dedicated to a single UE for transmission of user information. All the three uplink logical channels are mapped to a transport channel named uplink shared channel (UL-SCH). The UL-SCH supports adaptive modulation/coding, HARQ, power control and semi-static/dynamic resource allocation.

Another transport channel defined for the uplink is referred to as the random access channel (RACH), which can be used for transmission of limited control information from a UE with possibility of collisions with transmissions from other UEs. The RACH is mapped to physical random access channel (PRACH), which carries the random access preamble.

The UL-SCH transport channel is mapped to physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). A stand-alone uplink physical channel referred to as physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) is used to carry downlink channel quality indication (CQI) reports, scheduling request (SR) and hybrid ARQ ACK/NACK for downlink transmissions.

5. PROTOCOL STATES AND STATES TRANSITIONS

In the LTE system, two radio resource control (RRC) states namely RRC IDLE and RRC CONNECTED states are defined as depicted in Figure 2.12. A UE moves from RRC IDLE state to RRC CONNECTED state when an RRC connection is successfully established. A UE can move back from RRC CONNECTED to RRC IDLE state by releasing the RRC connection. In the RRC IDLE state, UE can receive broadcast/multicast data, monitors a paging channel to detect incoming calls, performs neighbor cell measurements and cell selection/reselection and acquires system information. Furthermore, in the RRC IDLE state, a UE specific DRX (discontinuous reception) cycle may be configured by upper layers to enable UE power savings. Also, mobility is controlled by the UE in the RRC IDLE
State.

In the RRC CONNECTED state, the transfer of uncast data to/from UE, and the transfer of broadcast or multicast data to UE can take place. At lower layers, the UE may be configured with a UE specific DRX/DTX (discontinuous transmission). Furthermore, UE monitors control channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it, provides channel quality feedback information, performs neighbor cell measurements and measurement reporting and acquires system information. Unlike the RRC IDLE state, the mobility is controlled by the network in this state.

Figure 11 Uplink logical, transport and physical channels mapping.

Figure 12: UE states and state transitions.

6. SEAMLESS MOBILITY SUPPORT

An important feature of a mobile wireless system such as LTE is support for seamless mobility across eNBs and across MME/GWs. Fast and seamless handovers (HO) is particularly important for delay-sensitive services such as VoIP. The handovers occur more frequently across eNBs than across core networks because the area covered by MME/GW serving a large number of eNBs is generally much larger than the area covered by a single eNB. The
signaling on X2 interface between eNBs is used for handover preparation. The S-GW acts as anchor for inter-eNB handovers.

In the LTE system, the network relies on the UE to detect the neighboring cells for handovers and therefore no neighbor cell information is signaled from the network. For the search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells, only the carrier frequencies need to be indicated. An example of active handover in an RRC CONNECTED state is shown in Figure 13 where a UE moves from the coverage area of the source eNB (eNB1) to the coverage area of the target eNB (eNB2). The handovers in the RRC CONNECTED state are network controlled and assisted by the UE. The UE sends a radio measurement report to the source eNB1 indicating that the signal quality on eNB2 is better than the signal quality on eNB1. As preparation for handover, the source eNB1 sends the coupling information and the UE context to the target eNB2 (HO request) [6] on the X2 interface. The target eNB2 may perform admission control dependent on the received EPS bearer QoS information. The target eNB configures the required resources according to the received EPS bearer QoS information and reserves a C-RNTI (cell radio network temporary identifier) and optionally a RACH preamble.

Figure 13: Active handovers.

The C-RNTI provides a unique UE identification at the cell level identifying the RRC connection. When eNB2 signals to eNB1 that it is ready to perform the handover via HO response message, eNB1 commands the UE (HO command) to change the radio bearer to eNB2. The UE receives the HO command with the necessary parameters (i.e. new C-RNTI, optionally dedicated RACH preamble, possible expiry time of the dedicated RACH preamble, etc.) and is commanded by the source eNB to perform the HO. The UE does not need to delay the handover execution for delivering the HARQ/ARQ responses to source eNB.

After receiving the HO command, the UE performs synchronization to the target eNB and accesses the target cell via the random access channel (RACH) following a contention-free procedure if a dedicated RACH preamble was allocated in the HO command or following a contention-based procedure if no dedicated preamble was allocated. The network responds with uplink resource allocation and timing advance to be applied by the UE. When the UE has successfully accessed the target cell, the UE sends the HO confirm message (C-RNTI) along with an uplink buffer status report indicating that the handover procedure is completed for the UE. After receiving the HO confirm message, the target eNB sends a path switch message to the MME to inform that the UE has changed cell. The MME sends a user plane update message to the S-GW. The S-GW switches the downlink data path to the target eNB and sends one or more "end marker" packets on the old path to the source eNB and then releases any user-plane/TNL resources towards the source eNB. Then S-GW sends a user plane update response message to the MME. Then the MME confirms the path switch message from the target eNB with the path switch response message. After the path switch response message is received from the MME, the target eNB informs success of HO to the source eNB by sending release resource message to the source eNB and triggers the release of resources. On receiving the release resource message, the source eNB can release radio and C-plane related sources associated with the UE context.

During handover preparation U-plane tunnels can be established between the source ENB and the target eNB. There is one tunnel established for uplink data forwarding and another one for downlink data forwarding for each EPS bearer for which data forwarding is applied. During handover execution, user data can be forwarded from the source eNB to the target eNB. Forwarding of downlink user data from the source to the target eNB should take place in order as long as packets are received at the source eNB or the source eNB buffer is exhausted.

For mobility management in the RRC IDLE state, concept of tracking area (TA) is introduced. A tracking area generally covers multiple eNBs as depicted in Figure 2.14. The tracking area identity (TAI) information indicating which TA an eNB belongs to is broadcast as part of system information. A UE can detect change of tracking area when it receives a different TAI than in its current cell. The UE updates the MME with its new TA information as it moves across TAs. When P-GW receives data for a UE, it buffers the packets and queries the MME for the UE's location. Then the MME will page the UE in its most current TA. A UE can be registered in multiple TAs simultaneously. This enables power saving at the UE under conditions of high mobility because it does not need to constantly update its location with the MME. This feature also minimizes load on TA boundaries.

8. MULTICAST BROADCAST SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

In the LTE system, the MBMS either use a single-cell transmission or a multi-cell transmission. In single-cell transmission, MBMS is transmitted only in the coverage of a specific cell and therefore combining MBMS transmission from multiple cells is not supported. The single-cell MBMS transmission is performed on DL-SCH and hence uses the same network architecture as the unicast traffic.

Figure 14: Tracking area update for UE in RRC IDLE state.

The MTCH and MCCH are mapped on DL-SCH for point-to-multipoint transmission and scheduling is done by the eNB. The UEs can be allocated dedicated uplink feedback channels identical to those used in unicast transmission, which enables HARQ ACK/NACK and CQI feedback. The HARQ retransmissions are made using a group (service specific) RNTI (radio network temporary identifier) in a time frame that is co-ordinated with the original MTCH transmission. All UEs receiving MBMS are able to receive the retransmissions and combine with the original transmissions at the HARQ level. The UEs that are allocated a dedicated uplink feedback channel are in RRC CONNECTED state. In order to avoid unnecessary MBMS transmission on MTCH in a cell where there is no MBMS user, network can detect presence of users interested in the MBMS service by polling or through UE service request.

The multi-cell transmission for the evolved multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) is realized by transmitting identical waveform at the same time from multiple cells. In this case, MTCH and MCCH are mapped on to MCH for point-to-multipoint transmission. This multi-cell transmission mode is referred to as multicast broadcast single frequency network (eMBSFN) as described in detail in Chapter 17. An MBSFN transmission from multiple cells within an MBSFN area is seen as a single transmission by the UE. An MBSFN area comprises a group of cells within an MBSFN synchronization area of a network that are co-ordinate to achieve MBSFN transmission. An MBSFN synchronization area is defined as an area of the network in which all eNBs can be synchronized and perform MBSFN transmission. An MBMS service area may consist of multiple MBSFN areas. A cell within an MBSFN synchronization area may form part of multiple SFN areas each characterized by different content and set of participating cells.

Figure 15. The eMBMS service area and MBSFN areas.

An example of MBMS service area consisting of two MBSFN areas, area A and area B, is depicted in Figure 2.15. The MBSFNA area consists of cells A1-A5, cell AB1 and AB2. The MBSFN area consists of cells B1-B5, cell AB1 and AB2. The cells AB1 and AB2 are part of both MBSFN area A and area B. The cell B5 is part of area B but does not contribute to MBSFN transmission. Such a cell is referred to as MBSFN area reserved cell. The MBSFN area reserved cell may be allowed to transmit for other services on the resources allocated for the MBSFN but at a restricted power. The MBSFN synchronization area, the MBSFN area and reserved cells can be semi-statically configured by O&M.

The MBMS architecture for multi-cell transmission is depicted in Figure 2.16. The multicell multicast coordination entity (MCE) is a logical entity, which means it can also be part of another network element such as eNB. The MCE performs functions such as the allocation of the radio resources used by all eNBs in the MBSFN area as well as determining the radio configuration including the modulation and coding scheme. The MBMS GW is also a logical entity whose main function is sending/broadcasting MBMS packets with the SYNC protocol to each eNB transmitting the service. The MBMS GW hosts the PDCP layer of the user plane and uses IP multicast for forwarding MBMS user data to eNBs.

The eNBs are connected to eMBMS GW via a pure user plane interface M1. As M1 is a pure user plane interface, no control plane application part is defined for this interface. Two control plane interfaces M2 and M3 are defined. The application part on M2 interface conveys radio configuration data for the multi-cell transmission mode eNBs. The application part on M3 interface between MBMS GW and MCE performs MBMS session control signaling on EPS bearer level that includes procedures such as session start and stop.

An important requirement for multi-cell MBMS service transmission is MBMS content synchronization to enable MBSFN operation. The eMBMS user plane architecture for content synchronization is depicted in Figure 2.17. A SYNC protocol layer is defined on the transport network layer (TNL) to support the content synchronization mechanism. The SYNC protocol carries additional information that enables eNBs to identify the timing for radio frame transmission as well as detect packet loss.

Figure 16: eMBMS logical architecture.

Figure 17: The eMBMS user plane architecture for content synchronization.

The eNBs participating in multicell MBMS transmission are required to comply with content synchronization mechanism. An eNB transmitting only in single-cell service is not required to comply with the stringent timing requirements indicated by SYNC protocol. In case PDCP is used for header compression, it is located in eMBMS GW. The UEs receiving MTCH transmissions and taking part in at least one MBMS feedback scheme need to be in an RRC CONNECTED state. On the other hand, UEs receiving MTCH transmissions without taking part in an MBMS feedback mechanism can be in either an RRC IDLE or an RRC CONNECTED state. For receiving single-cell transmission of MTCH, a UE may need to be in RRC CONNECTED state. The signaling by which a UE is triggered to move to RRC CONNECTED state solely for single-cell reception purposes is carried on MCCH.

8. SUMMARY
The LTE system is based on highly simplified network architecture with only two types of nodes namely eNode-B and MME/GW. Fundamentally, it is a flattened architecture that enables simplified network design while still supporting seamless mobility and advanced QoS mechanisms. This is a major change relative to traditional wireless networks with many more network nodes using hierarchical network architecture. The simplification of network was
partly possible because LTE system does not support macro-diversity or soft-handoff and hence does not require a RNC in the access network for macro-diversity combining. Many of the other RNC functions are incorporated into the eNB. The QoS logical connections are provided between the UE and the gateway enabling differentiation of IP flows and meeting the requirements for low-latency applications.

A separate architecture optimized for multi-cell multicast and broadcast is provided, which consists of two logical nodes namely the multicast co-ordination entity (MCE) and the MBMS gateway. The MCE allocates radio resources as well as determines the radio configuration to be used by all eNBs in the MBSFN area. The MBMS gateway broadcasts MBMS packets with the SYNC protocol to each eNB transmitting the service. The MBMS gateway uses IP multicast for forwarding MBMS user data to eNBs. The layer 2 and radio resource control protocols are designed to enable reliable delivery of data, ciphering, header compression and UE power savings.

9. REFERENCES

[1] 3GPPTS 36.300 V8.4.0, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRA): Overall Description.

[2] 3GPP TS 29.060 V8.3.0, GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) Across the Gn and Gp Interface.

[3] IETF RFC 4960, Stream Control Transmission Protocol.

[4] IETF RFC 3095, RObust Header Compression (ROHC): Framework and Four Profiles: RTP, UDP, ESP, and uncompressed.

[5] 3GPP TS 36.331 V8.1.0, Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol Specification.

[6] 3GPP TR 23.882 V1.15.1, 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): Report on Technical Options and Conclusions.

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