Bad Effects on Having Laptop on Your Lap

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Notebook (laptop) is a very efficient and important tool of many people today. Businessmen, college students, housewives and professionals all use laptops for one use or the other. However, it is better that men learn that they risk losing their fertility with the excessive usage of laptop computers.

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The main reason men tend to lose their fertility with the excessive use of laptop computers is that the heat that is generated by the computers, and the posture that the man adopts to balance the laptop computer tends to increase the temperature surrounding the scrotum.

Scientific researches have proven that the higher is the scrotal temperature, the higher is the possibility of damaging sperms and affecting the male's fertility. Moreover, with the advent of Bluetooth and infrared connections, where there are wireless links to the internet, more and more men are using laptops on their laps than on a desk.

Men usually keep their legs open wider than women to keep their testicles at the right temperature, and for added comfort. However, with a laptop on their laps, they tend to adapt a less comfortable position so that they can balance the laptop on their laps. This leads to an increase in body temperature that is found between the thighs.

It has been recently proven that prolonged and continuous usage of laptops on the laps tend to lead to damage to the fertility of the man. This was because the use of laptops usually leads to about 2.7C increase inthe scrotal temperature of the male. This has lead to more and more men having decreased sperm levels where sperm counts seem to have dropped by a third in ten years.

Most of the reasons for this reduced sperm count is drug use, smoking, alcohol and obesity. Besides this, pesticides, radioactive materials and chemicals, and laptops too contribute to decrease in fertility in men.

The human male body has a fixed testicular temperature to maintain usual sperm production and development. Though it is not known the exact time of heat exposure and frequency of exposure to heat that can lead to reversible and irreversible production of sperms, it is known that frequent usage of laptops can lead to irreversible or partially reversible changes in the reproductive system of the male body.

This is why it is advised that young men and teenage boys should limit the use of laptops on their laps to avoid losing their fertility. It is not advisable for young men or boys to also use wireless services on their laps to play games and do other work as they are sure to develop problems in ten years' time, when trying to have a family.

It is thereby advised that men should use laptops on the desk; in fact, anywhere else is possible, other than using it in the lap. Women don't have to worry much about laptop computers on their laps, as so far, there have been no studies on the impact of using laptop computers on their laps.

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The Facts on Overpopulation

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We were warned some years ago not to have more than two children for this would feed the problems of world overpopulation. Since we had five more, we obviously didn't heed this advice. The warning today is louder than ever.

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Several decades ago, Paul Ehrilich said, "It is already too late to avoid famines that will kill millions, possibly by 1975". Another false prophet said, "I state flatly that the hungry world will not able able to feed itself ten years from now". This was stated in 1967. Yes, the evidence for world overpopulation and its destruction of the earth, has vanished.

Admittedly world population is constantly increasing. In the U.S. the rate is presently one more person every 16 seconds. We have 3.5 billion more people in the world than in 1950. However, this does not mean it is overcrowded. As proof, how long would you have to drive from your present location to be in wide open places? For us, it would take five minutes.

In the U.S. the population density of the state of New Jersey is indeed 1171 people/mile2, yet 7 states have less than 20 people/mile2 and the same number have fewer than a million citizens. The average population density of the entire country is only 95 people/mile2. The city in which I live can fit comfortably its 65,400 people into 30 square miles, a population density of 2160 people/mile2. The average school classroom, where children spend more time than any other place during the week, has a population density of a million people/mile2. In other words, to be crowded, you have to choose to bunch together. Overpopulation is not caused by a lack of land.

The population density of the world is presently 34 people/mile2, or a full seven and a half acres of usable land for every person on earth. The simple fact is that most of the world is empty. In fact, we could get the entire world population into West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri if everyone lived as close as they do in New York City, about 25,000 people/mile2. If you refer the less crowded suburbia density, everyone could live comfortably in the 48 contiguous states.

The starving people of Bangladesh (2750 people/mile2) or India (890 people/mile2) are often presented as evidence for overcrowding. The crowded conditions are blamed for their troubles. Yet, contrast India with the industrial giant Japan whose density is only slightly less. Instead, the reasons why starvation is rampant in areas include false religious beliefs, unwise political control, corruption, wars, and other man-made conditions, rarely overpopulation. Honestly, most lands, including India, could easily sustain its present population.

Yet the warning trumpets continue to be blasted. "We cannot long continue our present rate of progress. The first check for our growing prosperity, however, must render our population excessive". Does this sound like the result of a recent study? It was written in 1865! "Our number are burdensome to the world, which can hardly support us". That was written by Tertullian in the second century! How comical in light of the fact that India alone has sufficient rich farmland to provide food for the entire world! And food production has increased 1000% in the last 75 years. The danger of starvation is decreasing, not increasing.

What difference does it make whether or not these facts are believed or not? The principle is, if you cause a crisis, you can get just about anything you want. The doom and gloom about world overpopulation has encouraged the justification of abortion since another person will demand food, water, fuel, and the like. Children are a liability to the world and any way to get rid of them is viewed as good.

The medical field is also influenced, as expressed in a leading textbook for training Gynecologists. "In the minds of many, rapid growth of population has become second only to nuclear warfare as civilization's greatest menace. The gynecologist- obstetrician has assumed a leadership role and has recognized the necessity of controlling human fertility... Population growth is perforce temporary; that it will- indeed must- eventually cease, halted either by an increase in deaths or a decrease in births. There is no other way. Thus, people must come to want fewer children". A woman visited a doctor so trained might get what advice if he feels she has had enough children? In fact, at 800,000, hysterectomies are the second most common major surgery each year in the US, yet only 10% are due to cancer.

The heart of the problem is not overpopulation but lack of love for children. They are too often viewed as a hindrance to accomplishing our goals. However, the truth is that children are the future of any country. When properly trained, they multiply the potential of parents and benefit society in a multitude of positive ways. Children are indeed not the cause of the world's destruction, but its future hope.

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How To Plan A Banquet - A Guide To Planning Perfect Banquets For Company Or Private Parties

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First time planners are often stricken with complete fear! Even those that plan events over and over again still fear that something will go wrong and they will be the subject of ridicule. Hopefully we can allay the fears and quell the butterflies in your stomach by helping you through the entire project.

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How is How To Plan A Banquet - A Guide To Planning Perfect Banquets For Company Or Private Parties

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There are a lot of questions you need to ask. First timers probably don't have the foggiest idea what questions to ask, so, the first thing we'd better do is outline these for you.

Perhaps the easiest way to do that is to fill out a form. (I love forms!)
If you were to phone me and ask me to help you make arrangements for a special event, the first thing I would do is reach for a blank form, and over the phone we would fill it out. When I had all the information, I would be better prepared to help you.

Before you continue reading, you may want to print the banquet planning worksheet(PDF) from my website. That way you can follow along with the worksheet as I describe the planning process. I've also included a pre filled sample planning worksheet that you might help.

Let's begin with fact finding.

PURPOSE

The first question to ask is, "What is the purpose of the event?" This question should be really easy, but it's perhaps the most important. The purpose of your event will determine your event's agenda.

DATE

Break out your calendar to decide a date for your event. Look for possible conflicts. It might be tough to get people out to a Saturday night banquet if it's a three-day holiday. It would be unwise to put on a church social if your local school, where most of your congregation had children attending, were having an open house or play that night.

Pencil in a date and then try to think of possible conflicts. I know of one organization that booked a very popular and relatively expensive Jewish comic into the club house of a predominantly Jewish retirement community. Attempts to sell tickets failed miserably, because they had not realized they had scheduled his appearance on a Jewish holiday - a very expensive oversight!

BUDGET

There are many, many determining factors in establishing a budget. First of all, how many are expected to attend? You might have a pretty good idea for a company party, but in some cases you might just have to make a "guess-timate" until you can get more information. Make the best possible estimate based on what facts you have, and proceed.

TICKET PRICE

Another factor to determine before we select a location is how much your attendees are willing to pay. Sure, we can work the other way: we can pick a location, hire a band, select the menu, etc., and then add up how much it all costs and thus determine how much everyone needs to pay, but doing so will probably leave you hurting in the end.

If you expect 1,000 people, and you determine .00 a person is acceptable, then your entire budget for food, printing, entertainment, etc., is ,000. If you expect only 20 people and you know they won't come if it's over .00 a person, then you know you're far more limited.

LOCATION

Determine the geographical area where the event is to take place. If you live in the area where the event will take place, you may already know of various hotels, country clubs, restaurants or catering halls that can accommodate your group. If you don't live in the area, be sure to go look at the potential location before you book it. If the event is in a distant city and it's not possible for you to travel there, and the event is a significant one, I suggest you hire a professional meeting planner.

I once attended a banquet in a quaint "50's malt-shop-type restaurant. The party planner had not gone there to look at the room where the party was to be. She had just taken the word of a friend. True, it was a great restaurant, but their "room" had about 5 permanent booths on each wall. Guests were facing in all different directions. This made it almost impossible for the magician they had hired to perform. To further confuse the issue, it was not even a private room. Restaurant customers could not get to the restroom without disturbing the party, and the 50's music continued to blare through the ceiling speakers throughout the evening because it was piped throughout the whole restaurant and could not be isolated from one room. A visit beforehand could have prevented this nightmare.

Many, if not most, facilities do not charge a fee for the use of the room but instead absorb the rental fee into the price of the meal. For instance, in our example of 200 people, a banquet facility would be delighted to supply a private room in order to sell 200 dinners.

Usually they will have several dinners to choose from - perhaps a chicken dinner, complete with beverage, salad and dessert, for .00 per person; or prime rib at .00 each; or sirloin steaks at .00 per person. In our example we are charging .00 per person. Let's select the prime rib at .00.

Does that include tax and tip? Oh, Oh! Find out if it does, or you may get a surprise at the end of the night. Let's say it does not. 15% tip and 8% (or whatever) tax makes the dinner a total of .14 per person. Our sample budget calls for 200 people at .00 each for a total of ,000. If all 200 people attend, dinner will cost ,428. That leaves ,572 for all other costs.

By the way, the facility may ask you for a deposit and guarantee. If you guarantee 200 people, you will have to pay for 200 dinners even if only 175 show up. Generally, a facility is prepared to serve about 10% more people than you guarantee. So it makes sense to guarantee a lesser number than you expect. Even some of those who told you absolutely they would be there, maybe even gave you a deposit, don't show for one reason or another.

Just to be on the safe side, in our example of 200 people, I would guarantee the restaurant 185. If you're pre selling tickets, which I recommend, you can always adjust your estimate upwards with the restaurant a day or two ahead of time if needed. Ask the facility about their requirements in regard to a change in the guarantee.

AGENDA

The evening agenda is largely determined by the event's purpose. A typical event might go like this:

6:00 - 7:00 - Social or cocktail hour

7:00 - 8:00 - Dinner

8:00 - 8:15 - Meeting/Awards/Business

8:15 - 9:00 - Entertainment/Speaker

9:00 - 9:10 - Raffle/Door Prizes

9:10 - 1:00 - Dancing

Having an hour to "gather" is always good. You and the facility both will want everyone present when you actually sit down to eat. It's been my experience that almost everything starts late, so plan for it and don't be disappointed when it happens.

Will you be having a cocktail hour? A "Hosted" bar means that drinks are free to the party-goers. If you choose to host the cocktail hour, be prepared to spend about 00 for our sample group of 200 people. Most organization-sponsored events have a 'No-Host' bar, in which guests buy their own drinks. It's appropriate to announce 'Hosted', or 'No-Host' in the invitation.

Some form of entertainment during the cocktail hour is certainly a plus. The facility may have music piped in through its sound system, which is certainly the most economical; however, for around 0 you could have live music. Most banquet facilities have a piano, sometimes on wheels, and will let you either rent the piano or use it for free. Fee for the piano rental should be around to 0 and a piano player anywhere from 0 to 0.

Other cocktail hour entertainment could include a chamber group, a jazz or "society" trio, harpist, or a strolling accordionist. A strolling "close-up" magician, performing from group to group or table to table, is always fun. Other forms of entertainment for the cocktail hour could include celebrity look-alikes, mechanical or conventional mimes, a balloon animal sculptor, caricaturist, graphologist, palm reader, tarot card reader, stilt walker, or just about anything else you can think of! Again, your budget is your gauge.

DINNER

This is pretty easy. When the Maitre'd says dinner is ready, have your party sit down!

The vast majority of banquets have certain people assigned to sit at the head table while everyone else may sit where they wish. If you choose to have a head table, you should make small place markers for those assigned to sit at the head table, and don't forget to discuss table arrangements with the facility.

OPENING

Someone, perhaps you, should step to the microphone and announce that dinner is ready and ask everyone to take a seat. When this has been accomplished your President, or whoever is presiding, should welcome everyone.

It is appropriate at most banquets to have someone lead the flag salute, followed by a blessing on the food. People should not be called upon for these jobs extemporaneously, but should be asked in advance and their names and responsibilities should be listed on the printed program if there is one. Following the flag salute and prayer, your Master of Ceremonies (or who ever is conducting) should introduce the people sitting at the head table, introducing himself last.

THE PROGRAM

If business of any sort needs to be conducted, begin when dessert is finished, or at least served. Make sure that the facility knows that you do not want any bussing (clearing of tables) or coffee served after the program starts, as it can become an irritating distraction and take away from the enjoyment of the program.

ENTERTAINMENT

Following opening remarks, and/or other business, you could either introduce the main speaker, or present some form of entertainment.

This could be the highlight of the evening! There are many outstanding after-dinner performers and speakers. If you really want to have a successful event, hire a professional. At this writing 0 to ,000 can buy you some pretty top-notch entertainment.

How about a comedian-magician who uses a member or two of your group and does some hilarious bits of business and audience participation magic tricks - 30 or 40 minutes of non-stop laughs!

Or picture this...the dessert has just been served and in walks "Lt. Columbo," complete with overcoat and cigar..."Oh, excuse me," he says, "I was looking for somebody else." All eyes are riveted on this familiar figure as he turns and starts to walk out. "Oh, one more thing, is this the Walker party?' Then for the next 30 minutes or so he does a comedy routine in the style and delivery of Peter Falk as Lt. Columbo, using names of people in your group.

That will rock your people out of their seats with laughter. These are just a couple of suggestions. Everybody loves to laugh, and a good professional entertainer can make you a hero.

How do you find that kind of entertainment? Again, watch out for the well-meaning friend. Sometimes hiring a friend of a friend who tells jokes or plays the banjo can put a wet blanket on the evening if they don't live up to your expectations.

Probably the best way to secure talent is to work with a professional talent agent that specializes in special events. Ordinarily there is no fee for his services. He can make recommendations and suggestions based on what your needs are, and work within your budget limitations.

Some entertainers may have special requirements, like a stage, spotlight, two mics or something else, and these items need to be arranged with the facility. There may be a rental fee involved.

RAFFLE/DOOR PRIZES

Giving away door prizes or raffle prizes should not be held until after the entertainment or main speaker. Perhaps it's an inducement for your guests to stay until the end.

If you're selling raffle tickets, again you need to make out a budget. How many tickets do you expect to sell and for how much money? Do you want to make a profit? Let's say you expect to sell 100 tickets to those 200 people expected to come, and we sell them at the banquet for .00 each. That'll give you 0 to buy prizes with. You can put this in your general budget or assign someone to take care of the whole raffle, including purchasing the prizes and selling the tickets.

DANCING

Following the raffle, the formal portion of the program is really over. Your people can now go home. If you've elected to have a deejay or band, they may stay for dancing.

The facility might charge to set up a dance floor. Sometimes this is a portable dance floor they build right on top of the carpet. A band will cost anywhere from 0 per band member to 0 per band member for four hours. A small trio of keyboard, drum and guitar could be anywhere from 0 to ,500.

An ,800 to ,500 five-piece band, including a vocalist, is average. If you hire a band, you may be able to use one or more of those same musicians to provide cocktail hour and/or dinner music for a small additional fee. You normally need to make a deposit at the time you hire the band. Anything over four hours' playing time is considered overtime, and you should talk with the band or agent about the cost of overtime when you make the initial arrangements. Bands also need to take a 10-15 minute break each hour. Ask if the band will supply recorded music during their breaks.

MOBILE DEEJAY

Sometimes you might prefer a DeeJay playing recorded music instead of hiring a band. This gives you the advantage of hearing the original recording artist instead of a dance band's rendition.

Another advantage is that most mobile DeeJay units will set up before dinner and offer to play dinner music at no additional cost, and of course, a DeeJay does not take a break during the evening, so you have non stop music for your event.

Cost-wise, there is not a lot of difference between a 3-piece band and a DeeJay. Some DeeJays offer a full light-show that few bands do, and even with an additional charge, this could be a real plus. I think it's just a matter of taste. Some people insist on a live band and others are just as adamant about a DeeJay.

PHOTOGRAPHER OR VIDEOGRAPHER

Video taping an event, except for historical purposes, is unnecessary. Seldom will the video tape or DVD be watched more than once after the event. Yes, maybe a Bar or Bat Mitzvah will watch his or her recording years later when they grow older, and maybe even a bride and groom would watch a well-edited and condensed recording. A company or organization's banquet, however, will be seldom if ever watched.

I would recommend that you hire, budget permitting, a professional photographer rather than leaving it up to one of your guests or a friend of a friend who only takes photos twice a year. You can have the photographer deliver prints or a CD of digital photographs in which case you could print just the photos you want.

PROMOTION

Probably the most traumatic thing that could occur is that you planned the entire event and then no one came. If it's a company party and the food, entertainment, drinks and dancing are all free, I don't think you will have a problem, as long as you let everybody know when and where and that it's FREE!

But if that's not the situation, you may need to promote the event. Once you have all the facts (WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, WHO, and HOW MUCH), you can create a flyer - a piece of paper with all the facts on it, designed to motivate people to attend.

If you're an artist, great! You can create the flyer yourself. If not, maybe someone in your group is and they can help you. Otherwise, you need to "rough it out" the way you'd want it and take it to a graphic artist to do the "camera-ready copy" for you, then off to a printer to print however many you're going to need. How many you need will depend on how you're going to distribute them.

The layout, printing, envelopes and postage all need to go into your budget. There are, of course, additional ways you can promote the event - word of mouth, bulletin boards, phone committee, club or company newsletter, posters. If your event will be open to people outside your organization, you might try using the publicity channels of other related groups, companies, schools, etc., as well as your own. Have a "brainstorming session" with your committee, if you have one, to think of all the ways you can get the word out.

And remember that if you want people to come to your activity, you can't just tell them. You have to tell them and tell them and tell them! Use all the resources at your disposal, and don't hesitate to repeat yourself. The more times you tell them, the more will come!

TICKET SALES

There are as many ways to handle this as there are ways to promote the event. If you have to lay out funds ahead of time (which is usually the case), it is good to get as much money as you can up front. Pre selling your tickets will help you do that. Of course, your publicity must state your requirements and deadlines. This also will help you get a handle on how many are going to attend. Remember though, that there will still be some last minute cancellations and additions, so stay flexible.

TABLE ASSIGNMENTS

As mentioned earlier, most organizations assign only the head table, and the rest of the attendees are left to sit where they wish. Some groups insist on drawing pictures of the tables on a sheet of paper, numbering them, and then assigning people to specific tables.

I think it's far more work than necessary, but if you must, then have at it.
Some banquets, especially those honoring individuals or groups, offer entire tables "for sale." 10 people per table at each means that for 0 someone could reserve a whole table. Make sure you put a "reserved" sign on that table, showing the name of the host.

THE PRINTED PROGRAM

When all the facts are in, if the budget will permit, a nice printed program could be put at each place setting or handed out as people arrive. It should contain the agenda for the evening and credits given to all those who contributed to the event.

Many organizations have been successful in selling ads in the program to defray the cost of printing or even to raise some extra money. I've put 0 income under the income column of our example. Don't you think you could convince 10 people to give you their business card and pay to be advertised on the back page of the program? Of course, this idea could be a little tacky if the event is to celebrate little Bobbie's 10th birthday. Use your best judgment.

DECORATIONS

This could be a big item or not - strictly up to you. If you picked a beautiful location, and it's not a special seasonal event like a Christmas or Halloween party, why not just enjoy the facility's decor? If you feel you need decorations and you have a sufficient budget, call a party decorator who uses balloons. They go a long way towards dressing up a room without spending a lot of money.

Centerpieces on each table look nice. You can ask someone to donate these or have someone clever make something for each table. Many facilities make such a nice table layout that a centerpiece is not necessary. Don't spend money unnecessarily, but do remember that the nicer the ambience, the better the memories or the event will be in the minds of those who attend, which means that they will want to come to your next event, too!

One note of caution. If you're having entertainment, be careful that large
centerpieces, particularly balloons, don't block the view of the performing area or even the people sitting on the opposite side of the table who want to see and talk to each other.

YOU DID IT!

Yes, you will fret and worry until the whole thing is over, but every party planner does. Just relax, do your best and enjoy! (Here's a secret: If you enjoy what you're doing, the people you are doing it for will enjoy it, too!)

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History of the Media, Radio, and Television

Quaker State Oil Change Locations - History of the Media, Radio, and Television. The content is nice quality and helpful content, Which is new is that you never knew before that I know is that I have discovered. Prior to the unique. It is now near to enter destination History of the Media, Radio, and Television.

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When were the forms of media created? When did advertising first show up? Who owns the media?

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Creation of the various forms of media

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Newspapers & Magazines ~ 1880

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Movies ~ 1910

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Television ~ 1945

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Cable Television ~ 1980's

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Satellite Television, Internet, Digital Communication ~ End of the 20th century

In 1920, radio was first developed, primarily for use by the military, strictly for sendingHistory of the Media - Old Radios messages from one location to another. David Sternoff, the then-president of RCA, first had the idea to sell radio sets to consumers, or what were then called radio receivers. However, consumers needed a reason to buy radios, so RCA was the first to set up radio stations all over the country. Between 1920 and 1922, 400 radio stations were set up, starting with KBKA in Pittsburgh. Stations were also set up by universities, newspapers, police departments, hotels, and labor unions.

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By 1923, there were 600 radio stations across the United States, and million worth of sets had been sold.

The biggest difference in radio before and after 1923 was that the first advertising was not heard on the radio until 1923. RCA at the time was made up of four companies:

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AT&T

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General Electric

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United Fruit

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Westinghouse

United Fruit was one of the first global corporations, and one of the first to advertise on the radio. The AT&T division of RCA first thought about selling time on the air to companies, which marked the start of "toll broadcasting." WEAF was the first station to operate this way, causing widespread outrage, and accusation of "polluting the airwaves."

Because of this controversy, the practice of selling advertising time was called "trade name publicity." Sponsors linked their name with a program on the air, rather than advertising a specific product in a 30 second "commercial" as we know it today.

Why did AT&T decide to experiment with charging companies for air time?

AT&T was not making any money from broadcasting at the time since they only made transmitters, not receivers. They only made money when new radio stations bought the equipment required to broadcast. They did not make money from consumers buying radios.

AT&T also started the practice of paying performers for their time on the air, rather than only volunteers, which was standard practice for radio content up until that point.

The first radio network

In 1926, RCA set up the first radio network, NBC. They decided it was more effective and efficient to produce shows in New York City, and then link the main radio station with stations all across the country, connected by AT&T (another RCA company) phone lines. (Now television networks are linked by satellite to their affiliates).

This was the beginning of the network affiliates system. The ideal network makes sure everyone in the country is capable of listening to their signal. NBC at the time had two philosophies:

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Radio content was a "public service," whose function was to sell radios.

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Radio content was designed to generate income from advertising.

History of the Media In 1927, the second network was formed. It was CBS, started by William Paley. Paley was the first to think that networks could make money strictly from advertising, not even getting involved in the sales of radios. Like AT&T, CBS did not make radios. From the start, they made their money from selling advertising.

The rising of radio networks caused the Radio Act of 1927 to be passed, which established the FRC, or what is now known as the FCC, to allocate broadcast licenses. The need for such an organization was brought on by the fact that airwaves are limited resources, and broadcasting itself is a scarce public resource. By the 1930's, the structure of radio have been set by the commercial format, although advertising never dominated radio like it would television later on.

In the 1920's and '30's, radio programs were divided into two groups. Sponsored shows, which had advertisers, and unsponsored shows, which did not. The radio station paid for the unsponsored shows. The sponsored shows, on the other hand, were created entirely by the company sponsoring the show; advertisers were totally in charge of the radio station's content. The content became advertising. Radio set the precedent for television, in that the same companies that controlled radio early on went on to control television.

Soon thereafter, television inherited the structure of radio. In the '40's, during the rise of television, RCA also held a monopoly on all television sets sold. By 1945-1955, advertising had taken over all of television. Television was organized around the premise of selling things. The entire television industry was creating a political atmosphere of suspicion and fear. Senator Joseph McCarthy, the founder of McCarthyism, which was based on the fear of Communism, and the HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee, began to question people involved in television about their beliefs and associations.

What affected television in its early stages?

*

Politics (McCarthyism / HUAC).

*

Blacklists: From almost the inception of television, many writers, directors, and actors were considered to be pro-Communist and/or un-American.

Certain topics were totally off-limits at the time for television, particularly issues of race relations in the 1960's. Overall, networks were not happy with the political situation for television in the 1960's, both in terms of the blacklists, and of the fact that when every show had one sponsor, that sponsor controlled the entire program. Networks preferred to control the program, by way of moving to multiple sponsors/advertisers, where networks would retain control of the show, and advertisers would buy time in between the programming.

In the 1950's, networks decided to eliminate the practice of sponsors controlling the shows with a move to spot selling, or advertisements between programs, as we know it today. What caused the move to spot selling?

1.

Discovery of fraud in the quiz shows on television. Quiz shows were extremely popular at the time, and were liked by the networks, the sponsors, and the viewers alike. It turned out, however, that quiz shows were largely fixed. Charles Van Doren on "21" became a huge star due to his repeated wins, until it came out that the whole thing had been fixed. In the case of "The ,000 Question," the owner of Revlon was personally hand-selecting the winners and losers on the show.

2.

It was becoming financially difficult for just one advertiser to support an entire show.

Around this same time came the inception of ratings to measure a show's popularity. Ratings, quite simply, measure the number of people watching a show. To understand why ratings are so important, it's crucial to understand how the television industry works, through three questions, and their respective answers:

1.

Who owns television? [The networks]

2.

What is sold on television? [Viewer's time, not television shows]

3.

Who are the customers of television? [Advertisers, not viewers]

This might be a counterintuitive concept for some. The networks, which own television, areHistory of the Media - Old Television the buyers of shows, not the sellers. On the other hand, they sell our eyeballs, so to speak, to advertisers. Networks want the maximum possible profit from buying and selling time, both viewers' time, and advertisers' time.

The primary measure of television ratings, which determine the price of that time being bought and sold, is AC Nielsen, an independent company which provides information as to who watches what on television. Currently, about 4,000 households are used to represent the national viewing of television. In the 1980's, only 1,200 households were used. Some households have an electronic device installed on their television which tracks what they watch, while others keep a diary of viewing habits.

There are two measures for determining a show's audience. One is the rating, and the other is the share.

*

Rating: Percentage of total homes with televisions tuned into a particular show.

*

Share: Percentage of those watching television at a particular time who are tuned into a particular show.

The share is always greater than the rating. Ratings are more important for advertisers, and share is more important to the networks.

Example:

*

Total households with televisions: 150 million

*

Total households watching television at 8pm on Monday nights: 90 million

*

Total households watching American Idol at 8pm on Monday nights: 45 million

*

Therefore: Rating: 30, Share: 50

It's important to note how many factors can skew the results. Shows cost producers much more than the networks typically pay them for those shows. The way for producers to make money is by getting the networks to renew the show, in order to have a shot at making money from syndication on other channels, also knows as reruns. That is the case when individual stations (say for example, the Miami affiliate of ABC wants to carry Seinfeld), buy the rights to a show from the producers of that show. Shows that last only one season, for the most part, lose millions of dollars. One of the most important factors in whether shows will be renewed or not is their rating.

This brings us to how ratings can be skewed. For example, if a show has a 20 share, and it needs a 25 share to be renewed for another season, what might the producers do? In principle, they need to convince another 5% of the people watching television when their show is on to watch their show; this is no simple task, as that involves convincing millions of people. However, since the ratings are based on those 4,000 Nielsen households, that means that they could convince just 200 Nielsen households to watch their show, which would increase the share from 20 to 25. This is why Nielsen households must be kept totally secret from the networks. When the Nielsen households have leaked to the networks, one way which they got people to watch their show was by offering viewers a small sum of money for filling out a survey about a commercial which they were told would play only during a particular show. Since they had to watch that channel while their show was on, this would boost the share.

Once ratings are determined, advertising prices are set by two factors:

* The size of the audience.

* The demographics (income, age, gender, occupation, etc) of the audience.

In short, the job of television programs is to collect our time as a product, which they then sell to advertisers. Programs have to support the advertising, delivering viewers in the best possible state of mind for buying when the time for the commercials comes, which brings us to the Golden Age of Television.

The 1950's are considered the "Golden Age of Television." During this time, something called the "Anthology Series," where different actors each week took part in a show gained History of the Media - I Love Lucypopularity across the board...that is, with everyone except for advertisers. The anthology series format was not right for advertisers, as it covered topics which involved psychological confrontations which did not leave the viewers in the proper state of mind for buying the products shown to them between program segments. The subject matter of the anthology series was of the type that undermined the ads, almost making them seem fraudulent.

This brought up the question of what to network executives actually want shows to do? The answer is not to watch a program that makes them feel good, makes them laugh, or excites them, but rather to watch the television for a set amount of time. With so many new shows being proposed, standards began to be intentionally, or unintentionally, laid out for what shows could and couldn't do. Risks could only be taken at the beginning and/or end of shows. Laugh tracks were conceived to tell the audience when to laugh. Programs began being tested with audiences prior to being put on television and/or radio. Show writers now had to write shows that would test well.

Naturally, this caused many of the same elements and themes to appear in all shows. This was the beginning of recombinant television culture, where the same elements are endlessly repeated, recombined, and mixed.

This same culture is what perpetuated the idea that people watch television, not specific shows. While people certainly choose to watch certain shows instead of others, people less commonly choose to watch television instead of other things. People watch television. Regardless of what was on, television viewing rates were extremely stable.

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The Sexiest Tattoos For Girls and Locations to Get a Theme Tattooed on Your Body

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Have you been wondering what is going to be hot in the world of tattoo designs this year? Every year it seems like the trends and what is popular in the world of tattoos changes. This year it is no different and the sexiest and best tattoos for girls are quickly becoming clear. Yes even though it is early in 2010 you can already see the major trends of what is going to be hot this year and even into next year. This article will look at the top locations and the hottest tattoo design trends.

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Locations For Hot Female Tattoo Designs

Of course you can always get a tattoo on any part of the body you want. The list below just gives some of the most popular places to get inked on the female body. If you already have somewhere in mind then great but if you are still trying to think of the location for your tattoo design then by all means read what is below and take the ideas into consideration and see what works best for you and the tattoo you want.

Hip Tattoos - This is one of the newest and most sexy areas for female tattoo designs. It used to be the lower back tattoo was the sexy location but this has changed and now one of the new even hotter places to get a design in on the hip. They are easy to hide when needed in a professional setting but a great pair of hip hugger jeans will also reveal at least the top if not all of these great tattoos.

Upper Back - The upper back tattoo is the new answer to the lower back tramp stamp. Yes the lower back has been overdone and over played at this point but have no fear the upper back tattoo is just as sexy if not more so and works well for larger designs. This gives you almost unlimited possibilities for hot tattoo designs.

Half Sleeve - Sleeve tattoos be them full sleeve, half sleeve or even quarter sleeves were once the domain of men's tattoos. However, no more women are going bolder with their tattoos and designs as well as the locations on their bodies. More and more women are getting sleeve tattoos these days and they are sexy.

Side Tattoos For Girls - Side tattoos are also another very hot trend in tattoo designs for women. These typically start down low around the waist area and then come up on the side. These can go up into the rib cage area. Just keep in mind the higher on the ribs you go the more painful the tattoo will be but often these are such great designs that it will be worth the pain.

Hot Designs And Styles For Girls

Floral - Of course these are pretty self explanatory but flower tattoos are the perfect match to fit beautifully with the female body. The curves of the vines and the color of the flower blossom works perfectly together to create beautiful feminine design. Keep in mind the symbolism behind different flowers can play an important role in the design of these tattoos.

Japanese Koi - Japanese koi fish tattoos are quickly becoming a very hot item for women to get. They represent power and strength. The beauty of the color with the blue water and the gold and yellow scales on the fish make for a very brilliant colorful tattoo design that works great on the female body be it a side tattoo or a half sleeve design.

Cherry Blossom - Also a traditional Japanese tattoo design these are quickly becoming very popular. The cherry blossom is delicate, beautiful and lives a short brilliant and bright life and then fall tragically on the snow to die. The symbolism here is to live life to the fullest to be bold and beautiful and live each day to it's fullest. This is a great reminder for all of us and how everyone should live their lives.

Angels - Angels and fairies have always been popular with women as well as butterflies. There is just something magical and special about wings and the colors and meaning behind such designs work well for women. The flowing lines of wings and the feminine shapes of the fairies or angels create a beautiful looking design.

These are some of the most popular locations and design ideas in tattoos for girls right now. Of course maybe none of them will work for you if you already have a design in mind. However, they are provided here to keep you up to date with what is currently popular and hot. That does not mean run out and get one of these tattoo designs just because you think they are popular. However, they can provide ideas and guide you to find your own unique tattoo design. Maybe one of the locations is something you have been considering or possibly one of the designs is something you want you can now add your own twist to it.

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The History Of Industrial Engineering

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The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology defines industrial engineering as: the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind concerned with the design, improvement and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be obtained from such systems.

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How is The History Of Industrial Engineering

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History

The origins of industrial engineering can be traced back to many different sources. Fredrick Winslow Taylor is most often considered as the father of industrial engineering even though all his ideas where not original. Some of the preceding influences may have been Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. All of their works provided classical liberal explanations for the successes and limitations of the Industrial Revolution.

Another major contributor to the field was Charles W. Babbage. a mathematics professor. One of his major contributions to the field was his book On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers in 1832. In this book he discusses many different topics dealing with manufacturing, a few of which will be extremely familiar to an IE. Babbage discusses the idea of the learning curve, the division of task and how learning is affected, and the effect of learning on the generation of waste.

In the late nineteenth century more developments where being made that would lead to the formalization of industrial engineering. Henry R. Towne stressed the economic aspect of an engineer's job. Towne belonged to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) as did many other early American pioneers in this new field. The IE handbook says the, "ASME was the breeding ground for industrial engineering. Towne along with Fredrick A. Halsey worked on developing and presenting wage incentive plans to the ASME. It was out of these meetings that the Halsey plan of wage payment developed. The purpose was to increase the productivity of workers without negatively affecting the cost of production. The plan suggested that some of the gains be shared with the employees.. This is one early example of one profit sharing plan.

Henry L. Gantt belonged to the ASME and presented papers to the ASME on topics such as cost, selection of workers, training, good incentive plans, and scheduling of work. He is the originator of the Gantt chart, currently the most popular chart used in scheduling of work.

hat would Industrial Engineering be without mentioning Fredrick Winslow Taylor. Taylor is probably the best known of the pioneers in industrial engineering. His work, like others, covered topics such as the organization of work by management, worker selection, training, and additional compensation for those individuals that could meet the standard as developed by the company through his methods.

The Gilbreths are accredited with the development of time and motion studies. Frank Bunker Gilbreth and his wife Dr. Lillian M. Gilbreth worked on understanding fatigue, skill development, motion studies, as well as time studies. Lillian Gilbreth had a Ph.D. in psychology which helped in understanding the many people issues. One of the most significant things the Gilbrethss did was to classify the basic human motions into seventeen types, some effective and some non-effective. They labeled the table of classification therbligs. Effective therbligs are useful in accomplishing work and non-effective therbligs are not. Gilbreth concluded that the time to complete an effective therblig can be shortened but will be very hard to eliminate. On the other hand non-effective therbligs should be completely eliminated if possible.

In 1948, the American Institute for Industrial Engineers (AIIE), was opened for the first time and began to give a professional authenticity for the practicing engineers. Up to this time industrial engineers really had no specific place in the hierarchy of a company. The ASME was the only other society that required its members to have an engineering degree prior to the development of the AIIE.

What is the future for Industrial Engineers? With analytical methods and the advancing technologies for the computer, modeling complex production and service systems will become more and more an every day task.

Performing a motion study. Every job can be broken down into its' fundamental work elements. The Gilbreth family found that there are seventeen of these motions. The time to complete each motion does not change. Jobs can be studied visually or through the assistance of a camera for micro-motion studies.

The environment for the workers also needs to be set up to promote efficiency of work. Tools should be placed in fixed locations to eliminate the search and selection therbligs. Work surfaces and chairs should be adjusted to the correct working heights to eliminate stress. Whenever possible, gravity feeders should be used to deliver parts to the correct location. The worker's tools should be designed to eliminate multiple cuts. Adjustment handles should be designed to maximize the operator's mechanical advantage.

Performing a time study. Without a standard the company will find it hard to estimate lead-time on their products. Times very greatly when the employee does not know what the expectation of company is. In order to correct this problem the IE will develop a fair standard expectation for each operation. It has been estimated that 12% of a company's total cost comes from direct labor. Another 43% of cost comes from the material cost. The other 45% is spent in overhead. So the idea that the largest productivity gains can be felt on the floor does not hold up in this light. A good time study will take into account the unavoidable delays, fatigue, and to an extent, outside interferences. Time for wasteful steps, such as searching for tools, will not be included in the final standard. The expectation is that the workplace will be designed to accommodate the work and will be free from this type of waste.

Set-Up Times Set up time is the amount of time it takes to begin producing different parts on a machine. If set-up times remain large the company will operate with high levels of work in progress and finished goods tying up the companies valuable capital. Companies that fail to reduce their set-up times have a tendency to look sluggish in regards to their customers.

Cost An IE will generally be responsible for coming up with a cost analysis on the equipment purchase. There are a several ways of coming up with this. Lifehow long the machine is expected to last when developing the cost analysis.

Efficiency The traditional way of looking at efficiency was to keep the machine running at a 100% The idea was the cost of the machine could be spread out over the amount of time it was kept running. The higher the machines efficiency, time running / time available, the better the accounting numbers looked in regards to machine cost.

Material The IE is concerned with the delivery and flow of material throughout the plant, often the plant has evolved as the company has.

Lot size To allow the manufacturer to stay flexible the production lot sizes should be minimalized. This will only be economical after the reduction of machine set-ups have been achieved.

Inventory Levels Since inventory is capital that cannot be converted until finished and purchased by a consumer, it should be kept to a minimal. Inventories not only tie up capital but if the customer requests a change then the inventory runs the risk of becoming obsolete.

Quality The quality of the material can affect all parts of the system. Poor quality material often introduces excessive amounts of rework into each of the processes. A typical job for an IE would be to work with the quality department to set up a Quality Management system QMS.

Maintenance The amount of maintenance that the machine is going to require is a variable that must be considered. Another issue about maintenance is whether or not the staff on hand will need to be retrained.

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Heat Pumps and How They Work

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If you never heard of heat pumps before, then you really need to first understand how they work. Trane heat pumps are temperature pumps. It is a machine which is used to control the temperature of a certain location via manipulating the pressure involved. In order for a pump to work, a vacuum is used to drag heat from one location to another location with a higher temperature. They differ from traditional temperature control devices because iy can be used both for cooling and heating purposes. The vacuum that transfers the cool current can also be reversed so that the heat from a high temperature location would be transferred to a low temperature location. For instance, if the temperature is cooler outside then the vacuum or the heat pump can absorb the temperature outside and then transfer the heat. The location with higher temperature would then be cooler.

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How is Heat Pumps and How They Work

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Modern pumps like the Trane pumps have the ability to change the setting of its devices. For instance, the machine which is the condenser of the pump can be controlled so that it can be the evaporator or vice versa. Usually, the coils inside a pump have a certain valve that reverses the function of the coils. In terms of geothermal pumps, there are also valves concerned in the heating and cooling effect of the machine. Most have different functions such as for refrigeration of food or for heating purposes. There are some that can literally boil water and control the output of water inside a household. Some are used for controlling heat in swimming pools. However, the main use of pump is for ventilation and for temperature control. Trane pumps are used for heating up the temperature inside the house, in an office or even a church. Since most are strong, they are able to heat up a large cathedral or even a hotel. In order to control the heat of heat pumps, there is also a valve which controls the transfer of heat.

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Storage Rooms For Flammable Chemicals

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An inside storage room permits the storage of larger quantities of flammable and combustible liquids. However, there are specific requirements for its design and construction that must be followed to protect not only the workers but the general public and the environment.

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A storage room for flammable chemicals must be constructed to meet the required fire-resistance rating for its use. It must comply with the following test specifications outlined in the National Fire Prevention Association Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, NFPA 251-1969:

It is recommended that a storage room for flammable liquids be located along an exterior wall because of the danger of explosion. A fire protection system for an inside storage room is a sprinkler system, water spray, carbon dioxide or other system that has been approved by local fire authorities. If an automatic sprinkler system is present, it must be designed and installed according to code. The maximum allowable size for a storage room inside a building is 500 square feet. Openings to other rooms or buildings must be provided with non-combustible, liquid-tight, raised sills or ramps, at least 4 inches below the surrounding floor. Approved self-closing fire doors must be used. The room must be liquid-tight where walls join the floor. An open-grated trench inside the room which drains to a safe place might be an acceptable alternative to the sill or ramp. If a lot of flammable liquids are transferred in and out of the room using hand trucks, this might be preferable. Windows in other exposed properties or exposed portions of the building must be protected as outlined in NFPA Standard for Fire Doors and Windows. Electrical Wiring and equipment located in an inside storage room used for Class I liquids must be approved under Subpart S, Electrical, for Class I, Division 2 Hazardous Locations. If storing only Class II and Class III, electrical wiring shall be approved for general use. An approved ventilation system must be installed.

Since flammable vapors are heavier than air, they hang low to the floor and can accumulate and move toward sources of ignition or other non-compatible chemicals. The ventilation system is vital in preventing flammable vapors from accumulating enough to cause an explosion or liquid fire. Every inside storage room must have either a gravity or mechanical exhausting system which provides a complete change of air within the room at least 6 times an hour. The switch for a mechanical venting system also controls all room lighting and must be located outside the storage room. If gravity venting is provided, the fresh air intake and the exhaust outlet from the room must be on the exterior of the building in which the storage room is located.

Additional Requirements:

Inside every storage room, an aisle at least 3 feet wide must be maintained, allowing for easy movement in the room. This is necessary to reduce the potential for spilling or damaging containers and to provide access for firefighting and a ready escape path from the room if a fire occurs. If wood is used for shelves, it must be at least 1 inch thick and it may also be used for racks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlay, etc.. Chemicals are not to be stored on unfinished wooden shelves. Finished metal or high density plastic (polypropylene) is recommended shelving for most chemicals. If wood is used, it must be sealed with a good grade oil based paint, natural or synthetic varnish. Proper segregation of chemicals must be maintained inside the storage room. Incompatible chemicals must be stored at a distance from each other or possible in partitioned areas. Chemicals should be stored at eye level to decrease chance of spilling or breakage and for ease of identification. Labels must be complete, legible and up to date. MSDS information must be available for all chemicals stored. At least 1 portable fire extinguisher with a rating of not less than 12-B units must be located outside the storage room, no more than 10 feet from the door opening into the room. Materials which react with water shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or combustible liquids. Containers over 30 gallons capacity must not be stacked on top of others.

Dispensing of chemicals is by an approved pump or self-closing faucet, or closed piping system. If flammable liquids are dispensed inside the storage room, a pilot light must be installed adjacent to the switch.

Storage Capacity

This depends upon the availability of a sprinkling system and the fire rating of the storage room. One with a fire rating of 2 hours and equipped with sprinklers is allowed to store a greater quantity of chemicals. If fire protection is present in a room that has a 2 hours fire resistance rating, storage allowed is 10 gallons per square foot. If there is no fire protection in this room, 4 gallons of chemicals per square foot is allowed. In a room that has a Fire Resistance Rating of 1 hour, with fire protection, the storage space is decreased to 150 square feet. The amount of flammable chemicals that can be kept in this room is 5 gallons per square foot. A room that has no fire protection and a fire resistance rating of 1 hour can store 2 gallons of flammable chemicals per square foot.

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Secret Tattoos - Here Are the Best Locations and Design Ideas For Hidden Tattoos Today

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Looking for a secret tattoo, one that you don't want the world to know about?  Here are some great ideas for where to put a secret tattoo on your body and popular secret tattoo design ideas.   Shhhhh!

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So you have decided you want a tattoo but you want to keep it a secret.  Maybe you already have visible tattoos, but this next one, for special reasons you don't want to share with the world.  Here are some ideas that will help you.

Secret Tattoo Design Ideas

First, your tattoo will have to be small to there is less chance of it being seen.  Some great tattoo designs ideas that work well for small tattoos include the following:  stars, angels, butterflies, hearts, flowers, dolphins, sun or crescent moon, or a short phrase that holds special meaning.

Ideas to stay away from because they can get too big and are harder to hide include: wings, anything with a vine, chains, shooting stars.

Secret Tattoo Locations

Here are some popular locations for a tattoo you want to be kept a secret:

Keep in mind a secret tattoo need not be completely hidden.  There are different degrees of being secret with locations.  A tattoo on the arm is definitely not secret.  But a tattoo that has to be searched for and can be found, will still have a feeling of secrecy for the right reasons.

The back of the neck just below the hair line works well, especially if you wear long hair. A small tattoo tucked up as far as possible underneath the ear lobe. Anywhere in the front or back of the pelvic or buttocks area where a bathing suit bottom would still provide cover. On the lower breast area where a bra or bikini top would keep secret cover. We have even seen some people that have the inside of a lip tattooed. Ouch! A small tattoo on the inside of the wrist can be a secret tattoo, but you have to think about how you will keep it covered like with a watch or something similar. For those that have a high threshold for pain - a great place for a tattoo you don't want anyone to know about is the bottom of the feet.  Be careful with this idea, because many tattoo artists will not even attempt a tattoo here.  Quite often people will find it is so uncomfortable they don't want to continue once started.  There is nothing worse than a half finished tattoo.  But, if you can stand the pain, the bottom of the foot is a great spot for hidden tattoo.

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Heart Attack Cost - How Costly?

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With the rising cost of medical services, is it any wonder that heart attack cost is a big winner for those medical services that work in this area. But guess who the big loser is in this heart attack cost ball game? You got it... the heart attack victim.

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How is Heart Attack Cost - How Costly?

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Even with new medical procedures and breakthroughs in the treatment and repair of a heart problem, the cost has skyrocketed beyond your wildest dreams. The cost associated with an attack is not common knowledge, and until you enter the game and get up close and personal, will you learn this is one game you should have avoided.

Your first heart attack cost, most likely will be, general ambulance service. Figure on at least 0-00 or more depending on your location.

Your second heart attack cost will be ambulance medical support, figure on an additional 0+.

Your third attack cost will be emergency room general services at your local hospital. Figure on at least 0, then professional fees for emergency room, another 0 or so. Then tack on miscellaneous supplies, 0 for laboratory tests, about 0 for EKG, plus X-ray drugs etc - for a grand total so far of about 00 for your emergency room visit.

Your fourth major attack cost will most likely be your stay in the ICU of your local hospital, until they figure out what to do with you. Figure on a day at a cost of about 0.

Now that you have the basic cost out of the way, unless you live within reach of a major medical facility with a heart specialist on staff, you are going to get a ride in a plane or helicopter. Figure on an additional 00-00 for this opportunity.

Now we are getting to the real meat of our heart cost. You have already spent about ,000 or so getting to this point. The next cost will make that seem like pocket change!

You can figure on about ,000-,000 for your stay in the heart medical center, while they discover your heart problem and try to repair your heart damage. And this does not include the surgeons cost, which can add additional thousands to your overall cost. So now your cost is over ,000. If everything goes well and your heart problem can be corrected by Coronary Angioplasty, you are left with one remaining cost, the chemical or treadmill stress test. This could add as much as ,000 more to your already growing bill.

Your minimum cost for this overall experience will be about ,000-,000! If the Coronary Angioplasty procedure cannot repair your damage and open heart surgery is needed, your heart attack cost could more than double.

By choosing foods with lower fat and cholesterol content, quitting smoking... if you do smoke, keeping your blood pressure under control, and exercising regularly, you may avoid this dangerous and costly experience... and eliminate heart attack cost for good.

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How to Choose Between a Motorola MC55 and MC75 Handheld Device

Mobil 1 Oil Change Locations - How to Choose Between a Motorola MC55 and MC75 Handheld Device. The content is nice quality and useful content, Which is new is that you simply never knew before that I do know is that I have discovered. Prior to the unique. It's now near to enter destination How to Choose Between a Motorola MC55 and MC75 Handheld Device.

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I'm often asked for recommendations on mobile devices for proof of delivery applications and handheld data collection. If you're looking at Motorola devices, most people need help choosing between MC55, MC75 and MC9090 devices.

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How is How to Choose Between a Motorola MC55 and MC75 Handheld Device

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This article will explain what you should consider when choosing mobile devices and will highlight real-life customer examples for field data capture and proof of delivery applications.

Before we start with criteria, it is important to understand what features you need today as well as in the future. With rugged devices, once you purchase the device, you cannot go back and add hardware options like a camera, GPS or Bluetooth. The devices we will discuss are:
MC9090 (MC909x) - these are the largest and most rugged of the 3 models. They are supported on all carrriers (Verizon, Sprint, AT&T and T-Mobile) and have the broadest range of hardware options. These are the most expensive devices. MC75 - these are mid-sized devices that Motorola targets for proof of delivery, field data capture and barcode solutions. MC55 - this is the newest member of the family, has a slightly lower level of rugged design and size than MC75's. It is the least expensive.
Questions and Criteria

You should narrow your hardware choice by asking the following questions.

Do you need cellular data? If so, what cellular carrier do you use and do you know what the data coverage is in your territories?
The reason for this is simple - some territories like the North East are completely owned by a carrier (Verizon). If someone wants T-Mobile or AT&T coverage, they need to check or consider changing carriers. The MC55 is not currently supported on Verizon, so the choice is between an MC75 and MC9000. All devices support GSM networks (e.g. T-Mobile and AT&T). Do you want want device to cover international or outside of North America? If so, you will need to only consider GSM.
If you need cellular data, are you going to do anything that requires 3G/3.5G or faster networking?
Most customers don't know the answer to this but the question becomes more clear if you are: Taking pictures - picture size can be adjusted on the mobile device, but a reasonable quality color picture would be approximately 1Mb or larger. Downloading large files, such as site plans, MSDS sheets or merchandising plan-o-grams for proof of delivery apps.

The MC55 is targeted at basic route accounting users.The MC55 vehicle cradle does not have a built-in serial port. Examples of where this applies are: serial cable connection to the vehicle GPS or JBus (vehicle diagnostics), fuel delivery meters or external communication devices. The MC75 and MC9000 vehicle cradles have a built-in serial port. Their cradle is more expensive than the MC55 cradle by approximately 0-200.
Do you need barcode scanning?
All devices support barcode scanning. The only decision is whether you need 1D/2D or long-range. 2D scanners can be helpful if you have barcodes that may get dirty or damaged. Examples of this include plant nurseries where 2D barcodes may be easier to read due to dirt on the barcode label. Long range scanners can scan barcodes up to 40' away. Long range scanners are only available on the MC909x platform. Examples of long range scanning would be scanning the barcode at the top of a warehouse rack from a forklift.
Do you need RFID?
If you need RFID, your only option is an MC9090. Note that RFID enabled devices are significantly more expensive.
Do you have specific ruggedness requirements? Will you be dealing with harsh environments?
The MC9000 is the most rugged device. It has the best drop spec (6' to concrete) and the best IP (intrusion protection) rating. The MC75 is plenty rugged and designed for field delivery applications (5' to concrete). The MC55 is close to, but not as rugged as the MC75. It is designed for the field but not for harsh environments. Examples of harsher environments would be where you work outside in the rain or dirt - such as oil field services, agriculture or bulk product delivery such as fuel, lubes, chemicals or fertilizer to tanks outside.
What size keypad do you need? What type of input will the keypad be used for? Do you need a pistol grip?
The MC55 and MC75 both have similar sized keypads. They are larger than a BlackBerry but the size of the device shell is fixed. The MC9000 comes in a short version (MC9090S), a long version (MC9090K) and a gun/pistol grip (MC9090G). The keypads on MC9000's are larger than the MC75 or MC55. If drivers use gloves (such as fuel delivery) then it would be worth comparing the MC9000 to the MC75. If you perform a lot of scanning, you should consider a pistol grip, which is only available on the MC9000.

So which device is right for you? The following highlights examples of using each type of device.

MC9090 - Bulk bleach manufacturer with 8 plants in 5 states. This customer receives bleach in rail cars and then distributes to pool supply companies, municipal water treatment facilities, paper manufacturers, etc. The bleach is loaded at the plant and the driver starts their day by scanning a barcode label on the truck (tractor), trailer and delivery ticket. They weigh the truck on an industrial truck scale and wirelessly receive the truck weight to calculate the volume of product on the truck. The driver makes deliveries to a set of customers and scans the delivery ticket, product, etc and records product quantities in each tank. The customer signs the device for proof of delivery and then prints a receipt on mobile Zebra RW420 printers. When drivers return to the plant, the driver scans and weighs again to calculate remaining volume. Once at the plant, deliveries are sent wirelessly to the goRoam server for processing and export for invoicing.
This customer selected MC9000's because they needed the most rugged device, a large numeric keypad, a larger battery to power the wifi since they use wifi for roaming throughout the plant to load products, and because they wanted a larger device so it was easier for the driver to keep track of it.
MC75 - HazMat pickup and disposal for large retailers, oil change shops, car dealers, etc. across 30 states. These drivers receive routes/stops through cellular communications while on the road. The drivers go to each stop and pickup one or many HazMat containers (waste oil, paint, chemicals, etc.). They place a barcode on the container (by hazmat product type) and record the contents of each container. This can involve a reasonable amount of data capture through the touch-screen on the handheld device as they have to complete different mobile forms depending on the pickup. Once complete, the customer signs for electronic signature capture/proof of pickup.
This customer selected the MC75 because they wanted a mid-sized device that would be easy for the driver to carry but would be rugged enough to be around hazardous materials and heavier equipment that might bang around or have the device dropped. They needed 3G network speeds to facilitate image capture. GPS is done on the vehicle but can also be captured on the handheld.
MC55 - Door-to-door surveys and canvassing on a large scale. This customer canvasses homeowners and businesses. They complete field data surveys that may contain 300-750 questions, although not all are required to be answered. When a homeowner or business needs a survey completed, the field personnel scan a barcode and take 1 or more high-quality pictures per site. They take a GPS reading and possibly make a drawing on the device to show the site. Once complete, the homeowner signs the device for proof of delivery/electronic signature capture and a receipt is automatically emailed.
This customer evaluated the MC55 and MC75, but selected the MC55 because it was less expensive. They determined they did not need the ruggedness of the MC75 or the 3G network speed since the pictures would queue and sync in the background. They wanted the smallest/lightest device since the device would be carried all day by the field personnel.

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2012 End of World - Safest Places to Hide

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Where are you going to go when the 2012 end of world doomsday, unfortunately, comes to fruition? Where will you be hiding? How are you going to determine the best places that can provide shelter for you, in the face of volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis and other deadly catastrophes? Have you ever thought of that? If you haven't, then by 2012 you'll most probably be dead. But don't worry! This article contains the five safe places you can go to just in case the world turns crazy and spins out of control.

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How is 2012 End of World - Safest Places to Hide

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The 2012 end of world doomsday is only three years away and panic has ensued in most areas worldwide. Many fear that it will be the end. If the environmental prophecies come true there are some "safe havens" that could remain intact during the havoc.

5th Safest Place on the Planet: The Himalayas

The obvious reason for this is that it is the highest location on Earth, so any threat of tsunami or volcanic activity is instantly shut down. However, there is one, itsy bitsy tiny catch: how to get there. Only the best of veteran mountain climbers have ever gotten the chance to step on top of the entire world, and many people died climbing Mount Everest, so our chances of even surviving just traveling to this survival location is very little. This could have been easily the top safest place on the planet if not for the accessibility issue.

4th Safest Place on the Planet: China

China as a nation is well high above sea level, has more than ample resources and manpower to build many survival bunkers, and isn't prone to seismic or volcanic activity. Some of China is also landlocked, which means very little chance for water-related catastrophes to occur. Of course, we're talking about 2012 end of world doomsday here, a lot of things can happen, but on a theoretical level, China is one of the safest countries to live in on Earth should it be destroyed.

3rd Safest Place on the Planet: Sierra Nevada

Europe on 2012 is a very miserable place: it will sink in water, has extensive nuclear facilities that could blow off together, and has very many volcanoes, a few with the most destructive effects ever. Sierra Nevada, a southern mountain range known for its skiing sites, is a paradise for those seeking apocalyptic safety in Europe. It has high peaks, reachable by road, and can provide for adequate shelter and materials for comfortable living amidst the catastrophes abound. Unfortunately, the higher areas are either popular ski resorts or government-owned property, and most of these lands are very expensive to acquire. But it is still a viable place to live in for those who are in Europe and is preparing for the 2012 end of world doomsday.

2nd Safest Place on the Planet: Arizona, USA

Yep, you read that right. Many people think that USA is going to be totally obliterated come December 21, 2012, but the thing is the country's position has been diagnosed collectively, not state-to-state. Arizona, in this regard, is considered the safest place in the USA for an apocalypse. Arizona contains many highlands, which will be the safest place should a pole shift occur, and add to that the fact that it's in America, a country that will be looked upon for help by other countries.

THE SAFEST PLACE ON THE PLANET: Africa

Nobody can ever question this penultimate truth. Africa has been, and is still is, the safest place on the planet. It is the most stable continent, unchanged for millions of years, and it has shifted very little compared to the other continents. Africa has the least number of fault lines and has a negligible volcano count. Though not every place in Africa is conducive for survival, all you need to find are African plains with altitudes 2,300 meters above sea level to be assured of safety.

Geographically, Africa may very well be paradise here on Earth. The biggest drawback is that Africa as a continent is immensely underdeveloped. It has poor infrastructure, has inadequate means of transportation and is home to fatal diseases such as leprosy, malaria and cholera. If someone wants to prepare Africa for the 2012 end of world events, he couldn't do so in time. Add to that the pressure of current political instability in some disputing nations; the viability of Africa becomes lower. But just as it is, if people unite to truly conquer 2012 and set aside differences and prejudices, Africa can become the very cradle of a new civilization that is destined to grow after the whole world suffers the damages of the 2012 end of world Armageddon.

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