Can You Really Erase Wrinkles With Castor Oil?

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Many people faced with the problem of wrinkles join the search for the best wrinkle treatment each day. Growing numbers of health and beauty conscious men and women are looking for the right treatment to help reduce and remove their wrinkles that are brought on by aging, stress and dry skin. They often have a hard time choosing from the many hundreds of available treatments for wrinkles, from creams to oils to injections.

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Of the many anti-wrinkle treatments that are available commercially, many are formulated using a combination of natural ingredients and synthetic substances. These treatments are often viewed as being unnatural as they contain artificial ingredients and some people are unwilling to use such treatments. They prefer to use natural treatments instead. One of these natural treatments that is worth considering is the use of castor oil as an anti-wrinkle treatment.

Castor oil, which is produced from the seed of the castor plant, is usually taken as a health supplement. However, many people do not realize that it can be an effective form of wrinkle treatment as well. By simply applying castor oil to your skin, you help to soothe your skin, restoring its natural youthful appearance and helping to diminish unsightly wrinkles.

One of the properties of castor oil that makes it an effective form of anti-wrinkle treatment is that it is very effective at moisturizing your skin. Castor oil has many antioxidant properties and helps defend your skin against oxidizing agents. It also cleanses and heals your skin even as it hydrates your skin. Also, castor oil does not leave an oily feeling on your skin after you use it. Simply wash it off with some warm water or even some gentle facial cleanser and it will leave your skin feeling smooth and supple. People with dry skin will benefit greatly from the application of castor oil to areas of the skin affected by wrinkles.

Castor oil also helps increase the flow of blood to the skin that it is applied to. Increased blood flow means that the skin receives more nutrients and oxygen, making skin healthier and fuller, helping to erase wrinkles and fine lines. Even heavy wrinkles respond well to the increased circulation of blood and lessen or fade.

Many people who use castor oil on their skin on a regular basis report that the treatment leaves them feeling younger and their skin looking healthier. Castor oil also has a positive effect on wrinkles and fine lines, reducing the severity of wrinkling and also giving skin a natural healthy glow. While it must be said that no treatment available today can completely eliminate wrinkles, regular treatment with castor oil will help to keep wrinkles at bay, and to help reduce the formation of wrinkles, keeping you looking younger, longer.

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Lichen Planus - Ayurvedic Herbal Treatment

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Lichen Planus is an inflammatory skin condition in which flat lesions appear on the skin or mucous membrane, causing pain, redness and itching. It is neither infectious nor contagious, but it may persist for months or years, and may recur. The exact cause is unknown, but it may sometimes be triggered by an allergic or immune reaction to a medication or other substance.

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How is Lichen Planus - Ayurvedic Herbal Treatment

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In Ayurveda, there is no clear-cut synonym for lichen planus. However, all skin diseases have been clubbed together as "Kushtha", and the general principles of treatment for kushtha can be applied to the treatment of lichen planus, with very good results. Treatment is aimed at reducing itching and inflammation, and gradually helping the causative immune reaction to subside. Patients having severe symptoms, or recurrence, may require several courses of treatment.

Some of the medicines usually used for the treatment of lichen planus are: Arogya Vardhini, Gandhak Rasayan, Nimba-Gandhak, Swayambhu Guggulu, Sukshma Triphala, Saarivadyasava, Mahamanjishthadi Qadha,and Khadirarishta. Single herbal medicines used for this disease are: Nimba (Azadirachta indica), Saariva (Hemidesmus indicus), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia), Karanj (Pongamia pinnata), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Haridra (Curcuma longa), Daruharidra (Berberis aristata), Chirayta (Swertia chirata),Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Khadeer (Acacia catechu) and Vacha (Acorus calamus). These medicines have the unique property of acting on the skin and blood tissue, and also bring about the desired immunomodulation.

Medicines used for local application are: Shatadhout ghruta, honey, Neem-Karanj oil, Shodhan oil, Ropan oil, Chandan oil, Marichyadi oil and Bakuchi oil. Selection of the appropriate medicine is made according to the predominance of symptoms and the location of the lesions.

Some physicians advocate cleansing of the body for the purpose of detoxification. This is advisable if the lesions are widespread or do not respond to standard oral medicines. Induced emesis, induced purgation, and periodical blood-letting are some of the procedures adopted for this purpose.

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Amazing Benefits of Castor Oil For Your Skin

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Skin care and treatment is just one of the many medical uses of castor oil. Nevertheless, it remains a significant area that helps everyone meet his or her daily skin concerns.

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Castor oil is an all-natural treatment for your skin disorders. Compared to commercial skin care products that are made of potentially harmful chemicals, this oil is free of harsh and artificial ingredients that may irritate your skin. The oil helps restore and renew damaged skin that has been continuously exposed to pollutants and other toxic materials from the environment.

Reasons Why Using Castor Oil Does Wonders for Your Skin

This oil has unique properties that make it an effective derma remedy.

Physically, the oil possesses a very low molecular weight, which makes it possible for the oil to penetrate thoroughly into the skin, specifically the stratum corneum.

The oil also consists of certain ingredients that make it protective and useful for your skin. The major component of the oil, ricinoleic acid, exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects.

In addition, the oil also contains Isostearate Succinate, which delivers conditioning benefits for the skin. This component is found in lipstick, lip balm, shampoo and other stuff that hydrate and moisturize the surface. Isostearate succinate is a common ingredient in most skin care products sold in the market.

Interestingly, even derivatives of the oil also provide benefits for the skin. In fact, undecylenic acid, a castor oil derivative, is recognized for treatment of skin disorders. It is actually approved as an over-the-counter skin remedy by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Benefits of Castor Oil on Your Skin

The oil delivers many benefits to your skin. It helps:
Rejuvenate the skin, making it look smoother and younger-looking Eliminate dark bags under the eyes Condition, moisturize and soften the skin Treat and reduce the appearance of wrinkles Protects your skin from toxins and damaging free radicals Prevent and treat skin eruptions like acne and eczema Relieve sunburns, abrasions, burns and cuts Improve the overall quality and health of your skinWith all the health benefits of castor oil on the skin, isn't it amazing how this simple organic oil can help you address a variety of skin care issues?

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Healthy, High Calorie Foods For Weight Gain

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Who's sexier - Jennifer Lopez or Olive Oyl from the old Popeye cartoons? Most people would emphatically reply, "J-Lo!" Some of us are naturally endomorphs, and have difficulty losing weight. At the other end of the spectrum are ectomorphs, who are thin and actually have trouble gaining weight. Being skinny can be emotionally difficult. That may be hard to believe, especially for women, given our current "thin-is-in" culture of beauty. Others who may want to gain weight include body builders and those who are overcoming eating disorders.

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The idea behind gaining weight is not to become obese of course - so fast food is definitely out of the question. That's because obesity is accompanied by serious health risks such as heart disease and diabetes. Rather, people who want to gain weight need healthy high-calorie foods for weight gain. The healthy way to gain weight naturally is with high-protein foods - which will also build attractive, lean muscle.

The three primary nutrients for the human body are protein, which supplies amino acids; fats, which supply fatty acids; and carbohydrates, which supply glucose. These three primary nutrients are also the foods to gain weight with! Here's a snapshot of how to optimize your diet with healthy high-calorie foods for weight gain.

Protein should be the building block of every meal and snack. Protein builds lean muscle. This does not mean fast-food burgers! Be sure that your protein sources are lean: chicken, fish, or vegetarian alternatives such as beans and tofu. Red meat and dairy products are not generally recommended because they're high in saturated fat. However, there are healthy ways to eat red meat and dairy products, which we'll discuss shortly. Your serving of protein should be the largest portion on your plate. Lean protein snacks include hummus, nuts, low-fat cheese and yogurt.

Enjoy hearty whole-grain carbohydrates. This does not mean white, highly processed carbs such as potato chips, white bread and bagels! Think brown. Whole-grain carbs include items such as multi-grain crackers, whole wheat bread and basmati rice. People who are watching their weight avoid highly processed carbs and reduce their intake of whole-grain carbs to one or two servings per day. Since your goal is to gain weight, feel free to eat whole-grain carbohydrates with every meal. Seven-grain crackers dipped in hummus makes a hearty snack!

Eat at least five servings of fresh fruits and vegetables every day. You can boost your serving intake by also drinking 100 percent natural fruit juices. Also, be sure to add a fruit or vegetable to every meal. We could change that old saying "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" to "Five servings a day keeps sickness at bay!"

Enjoy healthy fats. Fats encourage nutrient absorption, facilitate nerve transmission, and maintain cell integrity. This does not mean eating greasy french fries! Not all fats are created equal. There are good fats and bad fats. The good guys are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats lower LDL, or bad, cholesterol and they also increase HDL, or good cholesterol. Tasty examples are nut, canola and olive oils. Polyunsaturated fats lower LDL and total cholesterol, too. Those healthy omega 3 fatty acids that you're always hearing about are polyunsaturated fats. Salmon, fish oil, and corn, soy, safflower and sunflower oils are high in polyunsaturated fats. Dip your whole-grain bread from a local baker in gourmet olive oil! Make a big, creamy batch of guacamole from hearty avocados--throw in some chunks of tomato and onion. These are delicious, healthy, high-calorie foods for weight gain! Avoid bad fats, as they instigate heart disease and certain types of cancer. The bad guys are saturated fats and trans fats. Saturated fats raise LDL and total cholesterol; they're found primarily in animal products, including meat, dairy and eggs. Trans fats come from hydrogenated oils. Scientists whip hydrogen into any type of oil, even originally healthy oils, to give processed foods a longer shelf life and a creamier "mouth feel." French fries and buns, stick margarine, vegetable shortening and countless packaged foods contain partially hydrogenated oils. Read the labels, and avoid them.

If you're going to eat animal products occasionally, protect your health by doing it the right way. If you want to enjoy some red meat and dairy products as part of your healthy plan to gain weight, here are some tricks to keep bad fats in check. Opt for meat and dairy products that come from grass-fed animals, preferably from local small family farmers in your area. Now, organic and grass-fed meat is available at most supermarkets. Not only are these products vastly superior in flavor, but also contain more good fats, especially omega 3 fatty acids, than bad fats. They also have conjugated lineolic acid, and are high in beta-carotene. These nutrients plummet in ordinary mass-produced meat and dairy products, because the animals are fed corn, which is less expensive and makes animals larger. You might also be shocked to learn that the animals are often fed truckloads of stale or ruined junk food such as snack cakes from bakery outlets because it's so cheap.

Another method you can use to supplement healthy foods to gain weight is by focusing on anaerobic exercise rather than aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is moderate activity performed over an extended period of time, such as running and bicycling. Aerobic exercise burns fat. However, if you're trying to gain weight, retain a little fat to sculpt into lean, attractive muscle, and turn to anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise is high-intensity with short bursts of action, such as weight lifting, sprinting and jumping. Weight lifting is the perfect anaerobic exercise for someone who's trying to gain weight. Body builders use this type of anaerobic exercise to build muscle mass, and non-endurance sports athletes use it to build power. Weightlifting creates a hard body for men that women love, and it sculpts those curves on women that men appreciate! Once you attain your desired weight, you can supplement anaerobic exercise with aerobic exercise for overall cardiovascular health.

In addition to these diet tips, you can supplement your healthy diet with protein supplements. It is often difficult to eat enough protein each day, so supplementing with a soy or whey protein shake can help increase overall intake. Everyone who is too skinny wants to gain weight, look great, and build strength. Take the next step today, and enjoy the benefits of a fit, healthy body.

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Solar energy Advantages Disadvantages

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Many of us know that solar vigor is a good thing, but few unmistakably understand why. Therefore, I compiled a uncut list of solar vigor advantages and disadvantages that will enable you to make an educated decision whether on not Solar Power is right for You.

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Solar vigor Advantages

1. Saves you money

After the first speculation has been recovered, the vigor from the sun is practically Free. The recovery/ payback duration for this speculation can be very short depending on how much electricity your household uses. Financial incentives are available form the government that will reduce your cost. If your system furnish more vigor than you use, your utility firm can buy it from you, construction up a credit on your account! This is called net metering. It will save you money on your electricity bill if you have one at all. Solar vigor does not want any fuel. It's not affected by the supply and examine of fuel and is therefore not subjected to the ever-increasing price of gasoline. The savings are immediate and for many years to come. The use of solar vigor indirectly reduces health costs.
2. Environmentally friendly

Solar vigor is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil and coal) and sustainable, helping to protect our environment. It does not pollute our air by releasing carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide or mercury into the atmosphere like many original forms of electrical generations does. Therefore Solar vigor does not lead to global warming, acid rain or smog. It actively contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions. It's generated where it is needed. By not using any fuel, Solar vigor does not lead to the cost and problems of the salvage and communication of fuel or the warehouse of radioactive waste.
3. Independent/ semi-independent

Solar vigor can be utilized to offset utility-supplied vigor consumption. It does not only reduce your electricity bill, but will also continue to supply your home/ firm with electricity in the event of a power outage. A Solar vigor system can control entirely independent, not requiring a association to a power or gas grid at all. Systems can therefore be installed in remote locations (like holiday log cabins), development it more practical and cost-effective than the supply of utility electricity to a new site. The use of Solar vigor reduces our dependence on foreign and/or centralized sources of energy, influenced by natural disasters or international events and so contributes to a sustainable future. Solar vigor supports local job and wealth creation, fuelling local economies.
4. Low/ no maintenance

Solar vigor systems are virtually maintenance free and will last for decades. Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They control silently, have no tantalizing parts, do not release nasty smells and do not want you to add any fuel. More solar panels can unmistakably be added in the future when your family's needs grow.
Solar vigor Disadvantages

The first cost is the main disadvantage of installing a solar vigor system, largely because of the high cost of the semi-conducting materials used in construction one. The cost of solar vigor is also high compared to non-renewable utility-supplied electricity. As vigor shortages are becoming more common, solar vigor is becoming more price-competitive. Solar panels want quite a large area for premise to perform a good level of efficiency. The efficiency of the system also relies on the location of the sun, although this qoute can be overcome with the premise of obvious components. The output of solar vigor is influenced by the nearnessy of clouds or pollution in the air. Similarly, no solar vigor will be produced while nighttime although a battery backup system and/or net metering will solve this problem. See http://www.dsireusa.org for details on how net metering allows you to save electricity and money. As far as solar powered cars go - their slower speed might not motion to everyone caught up in today's rat race.

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How to Improve Your Motorcycle's Start and Warm Up, Idling and Acceleration

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After listening to years of customer complaints about their inability to cope with poor Gold Wing performance symptoms and the ruthless exploitation by many repair shops back in the Eighties, we were compelled to study the problem. In 1990, a solution was presented in writing that was handed out to my customers without any obligation on the part of the reader to buy anything. We received hundreds of thank yous from customers and those who never purchased parts from us but took time to write. Those who made the replacement based on our solution and tuned up their engines, eliminated a whole series of problems, including the burning out of head gaskets and, over the years, we received many declarations of greatly improved gas mileage and overall performance.

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How is How to Improve Your Motorcycle's Start and Warm Up, Idling and Acceleration

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AIR CUT-OFF VALVE

The Air Cut-Off Valve is an extremely important part of the fuel / air intake system that is frequently missed even by competent mechanics, most of whom are not even aware of its existence or how it functions. Over time, air cutoff valves will harden up, perforate and/or disintegrate leaving your motorcycle in a permanently lean, low RPM range (0-2200).

Most early model Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki and Yamaha motorcycles use air cut-off valves. Every Honda CB650, CB750, CB900 and GL1000 has one, located in the air intake tube between the air cleaner box and the manifold. The GL1100 has four, located in the top air intake passage of each carburetor, and every GL1200 has one located in the plenum box below the air cleaner box similar to the GL1000.

These valves are "air blockers", along with the carburetor o-rings, serving to restrict air flow, increasing the fuel-air mixture ratio when the carb slides are in the lower RPM range, up to closed so that the machine will start and idle smoothly with virtually no choking and accelerate rapidly, with no stumble or hesitation.

When typical starting requires heavy and prolonged choking to keep the bike running, when stalling and hesitation occurs even while "warmed up" and when backfiring pops while the throttle is shut off while cruising, most people will start fooling with the air screws to try to overcome the problem, only making it worse along with reducing their gas mileage.

Running with dysfunctional air cut-off valves can cause severe engine damage or failure. When the valves are dysfunctional, the engine pulls nearly total air into the low RPM range through the carbs and on to the combustion chamber. The fuel-air ratio is extremely poor with pre-ignition long before the normal 38 to 40 degree firing point, generating an enormous amount of heat, with no power, which is trapped a longer period of time in the cylinder before the exhaust valve opens.

This heat goes mostly up through the cylinder head, gradually incinerating the head gaskets and allowing engine coolant (antifreeze) to seep into the engine. You can easily spot when you are in trouble by a puff of bluish-white or white smoke on first starting the engine. Don't leave it alone. Change the head gaskets immediately or you could take out your bottom end bearings, ruining the engine.

For those of you installing new exhaust systems, you will discolor your head pipes, either blue (lean state) or gold (rich state) if the signs are ignored. You an destain your pipes using Blueway or Blue-Off but be careful not to rub the chrome, just dab gently. These destaining compounds are usually found at a Harley dealer or Harley-oriented aftermarket shop.

Honda genuine pipes, like many Yamaha pipes, have a double wall for a portion of the head pipe which masks discoloration - but also masks a bad state of tune. Even if your pipes are original and still in good shape, don't think you're safe if your motorcycle has any or all of the dysfunctional air cut-off valve running and performing characteristics.

If your 1975 to 1987 Gold Wing is not getting 50 to 58 miles per gallon (20-23 kilometers per liter), you have one of the most obvious signs of trouble. It is likely your air screws have been backed out to try to overcome the effects of the poor running, stumbling, starting, stalling and quitting.

INSTALLATION GUIDELINES

Refer to your Clymer, Haynes or Honda Workshop manual for location and installation procedures.

Replace your air cut-off valve/s then resynchronize all four carburetors to the #3 carburetor vacuum level using a mercury carb sync tool (carb stick) or vacuum gauge synchronizer tool. The number 3 carb is the constant fixed flow carburetor set at the factory.

DO NOT attempt to set by ear or just by guessing as the results can be anywhere from pathetic to disastrous.

DO NOT deviate from the book settings of your Honda, Clymer or Haynes manual. Wiser people than all of us designed this very effective and efficient intake and carburetion system.

To further insure against any additional vacuum loss, replace your inexpensive carburetor manifold o-rings. Vacuum loss can occur there and mimic the effect of a bad air cut-off valve. Paste a new set in with vaseline and make sure they are sealed with an ether check.

© Saber Cycle®

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What Is Kerosene and What Are Its Uses?

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Kerosene, A Very Versatile Liquid
Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is also referred to as paraffin in the UK and South Africa. As a product, it's possible uses are highly varied. It can be used efficiently for heating, lighting, cooking, transportation, entertainment, and it has historically been used for a myriad of purposes. It is made from the fractional distillation of petroleum, and its clean burning characteristics allow it maintain a high heat output.

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What are the Uses of Kerosene?
While Kerosene fuel is widely used for powering jet-engine aircraft, it is also has many domestic uses. It can be used as an efficient and economical alternative for heating or lighting a home or business. It can be used to operate portable stoves for camping trips. It can also be used as a heat source during power outages. Additionally, it can be used as a cleaning solvent, a lubricant, and a pesticide. Undoubtedly, Kerosene is a versatile liquid that can be used for multiple functions.

Some of the more interesting uses of Kerosene include its performances for entertainment. Fire dancers, fire breathers, fire jugglers, and Poi participants choose to use Kerosene because of its low flame temperature, which leads to less danger for the performer in case of an accident.

Where can I Find Good Kerosene Suppliers?
There are many companies across the UK that can provide a good service, supply, and price, Many of the large kerosene suppliers have strategically positioned supply points, servicing and delivering kerosene to clients anywhere in the UK, no matter how remote the location. Many large companies kerosene prices are kept low by their tireless efforts to source prices at wholesale levels, meaning they can offer the better deals. With flexible payments plans, and competitive prices, they can tailor each order to fit a client's needs.

Kerosene is dependable enough to be used as a jet engine fuel, but safe enough to be used by fire dancers and fire breathers, and when consumers buy from one of the industry's leading kerosene suppliers, they can be assured of fast, efficient service, and low prices.

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Does Castor Oil Help Hair Growth? Steps in Using Castor Oil For Hair Growth

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Does castor oil help hair growth? A lot of people are asking this question especially among the ones who are facing hair loss and thinning problems. People who usually encounter this kind of issue are those who are in their late thirties and early forties onwards. This is also common among those who are regularly taking medicines like anti-fungal and antidepressants; as well as for women who are taking contraceptives on a regular basis.

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How is Does Castor Oil Help Hair Growth? Steps in Using Castor Oil For Hair Growth

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Hence, if you belong to one of these categories, then you are more likely to be facing this kind of problem and you will eventually ask the question: does castor oil help hair growth? The answer to that is "yes, it can help a lot," in fact many people are using it to treat their hair loss problem by following some procedures in using it; which I shall be discussing further on.

Does castor oil help hair growth? Yes, it does; in order to do that, just follow the following procedures: in order to create your own treatment solution, mix this oil with grape seed oil in equal proportion; apply the mixture to your scalp by gently massaging it and covering the entire scalp including the areas around your ears and above the back of your neck. After doing this procedure, completely wrap your hair with a towel and leave it covered for at least 15 to 20 minutes in order to allow the oil to fully penetrate your scalp and maximize it's effects.

Afterward, you can rinse your treated hair with warm water and completely wash out the solutions. If you do not like the smell of your hair, you can use shampoo after an hour to allow the effect of the solution to be fully optimized. Repeat this procedure for at least twice per week for the next few months and you shall observe great improvement on your current condition.

This is just one aspect of the whole program; the other part is to regularly take essential vitamins and minerals that will develop hair; such as those containing vitamins A, B, C and E. Additionally, try to modify your meal plans to include fruits and green leafy vegetables because they are good sources for the nutrition you need for this purpose. At this point, your question on does castor oil help hair growth is already fully discussed and you already know the answer.

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Glass Industry Terms - Everything You've Always Wanted to Know About Glass But Were Afraid to Ask

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What is frit? Frit is an industry term for the paint that is applied around the perimeter of the automotive glass parts. One of the key ingredients in frit is a glass ceramic particle that fuses to the glass surface making it a very durable and scratch resistant surface.

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Why is frit (paint) on the glass? Frit serves two roles on the glass. First, it is a cosmetic feature that is used to hide interior trim and pinchweld details. Early model vehicles used wide moldings to obscure what would otherwise be exposed areas. As moldings became smaller to the point of nonexistence on several current models, the frit had a greater role in covering unfinished areas of the vehicle. Secondly, the frit inhibits UV degradation of urethane adhesives. While the frit will not completely block the UV rays from passing through the glass, it does significantly reduce UV light transmission. Most urethanes are not UV stable. If urethane is left exposed to sunlight for prolonged periods of time, it will yellow and turn chalky. Presence of the frit will extend the lifetime of the urethane adhesive system.

How many types of frit are there? There are hundreds of types of frits developed for automotive glass applications. The most common automotive glass frits we use are black, gray and white although other colors are available. Frit pastes are developed to work in combination with the processing requirements needed for a specific part. Each paste is developed for the specific furnace time and temperature parameters used to fabricate parts at a manufacturing location. It is not uncommon for a glass manufacturing facility to work with a dozen different frit pastes.

How is frit applied to the glass? Frit is applied to the glass utilizing a silk screen method. It is very similar to the method used to silk screen T-shirts. An image of the frit design is developed for the glass in the bent or curved shape. Then the image is unwrapped and flattened. A silk screen is made to allow the frit to pass through openings in the screen. The openings correspond to the final design image. The frit is a thick paste that is put onto the screen. Squeegees are used to push the frit paste through the screen openings and onto the glass. Frit is applied to the glass while it is in the flat position before it is processed through the furnace. The furnace helps to cure the frit and to fuse it to the glass surface. Every part with each different design has a unique silk screen. Silk screens are constantly being maintained throughout the life of a part. Because of the fragile nature of the screens, they will wear out and commonly need to be remade throughout the lifetime of a part in production.

What is Batch glass? Batch is a glass reference term that identifies a part of the manufacturing process. The raw components of glass are properly proportioned and mixed in batches for delivery to the furnace. Even though glass is made in a continual process that runs 24 hours a day, every day of the year, the raw materials are added as needed in batches. To state that a glass is batch glass, it implies that there is not any post manufacturing materials, i.e. a film or coating, applied to the glass. Batch glass gets all its characteristics from the raw materials that are used to make the glass. In the case of privacy or solar batch glass, the dark colorants and UV inhibitors are mixed in with the original ingredients in the batch to make the glass.

What is Float glass? Float glass refers to the glass manufacturing process. The raw components of glass are melted in a furnace between a temperature range of 240OF to 2850 F. A continual process is established as the molten glass is moved from the furnace to the tin bath where it is supported on molten tin until the glass cools from the slurry state to a temperature where the glass becomes solid. The float process was developed by Pilkington during 1950's and is now considered the primary state of the art process for manufacturing automotive and architectural glass.

What is the tin side and what is the air side of glass? As mentioned earlier, the float glass process involves floating molten glass on.molten tin. The molten tin is smooth enough to give glass its flat surfaces. The tin and glass are like oil and water, they don't mix. However, the side of glass that is in contact with tin during the float process does pick up a microscopic layer of tin. This is considered the tin side of float glass. The top side of glass is called the air or atmosphere side. To detect the tin side of glass, hold an UV light at an angle to the glass surface. The tin side will glow and the air side will not.

What is Soft-Ray and what is Solar-Ray'? Soft-Ray and Solar-Ray are GM Trademarks for the glass used in their vehicles. It identifies the TYPE of glass used for construction and can appear on either laminated or tempered glass. LOF uses E-Z-Eye glass for the production of Soft-Ray parts and EZKool solar control glass for Solar-Ray parts. PPG uses Solex and Solar Green respectively. Deep Tint Solar-Ray is another GM trademark that appears on dark colored solar control parts.

What is a monogram? A monogram is often referred to as the bug or trademark. Every automotive piece of glass is required by law to have an identifying mark on the glass that will be visible once that glass is in the correctly installed position in the vehicle. These marks are usually painted on the glass, but they can also be sand blasted or acid etched into the surface.

What is in a monogram? For automotive applications, there are certain governmental items that must be in the monogram including a department of transportation (DOT) number, the model (M) number and the glass type (AS-1, AS-2, AS-3 etc.) Monograms can also include information such as the brand name of the glass, the company name that made the glass, the company logo, the country of origin and a date code identifying when the glass was manufactured.

Is there anyway to determine what a part is by the monogram on the glass? Unfortunately, the majority of monograms do not have any information in it to help determine what an unmarked part is. However, we are starting to see more parts marked with the NAGS number in the Monogram. As more of this is done, it will be easier to correctly identify unknown parts.

2-What is the difference between AS-1, AS-2 and AS-3 glasses codes? For automotive applications, the three most common types of glass are AS-1, AS-2, and AS-3. All windshields must be marked with the AS-1 code which is on laminated glass having light transmission greater than 70%. All tempered glass that has light transmission above 70% is marked with an AS-2 code. All glass, laminated or tempered, that has less then 70% light transmission will have an AS-3 Code.

What is a DOT code? The DOT number identifies the glass manufacturer. The acronym DOT stands for Department of Transportation. Each glazing manufacture must apply for a DOT number in order to sell glazings for vehicles in the United States of America. Each DOT number is assigned by the government and is unique for every manufacturer. Every piece of glass that is made must contain that DOT code if it is to be sold in the automotive market.

What is an M number? The M number is a model number that is assigned by all glass manufacturing companies. Each company establishes their own M number system that is unique to that organization. The M number identifies the specific glass construction. It can identify the glass details used to manufacture a part such as glass color and thickness. One Model number might apply to 50 different part numbers. Each Model number is tested every year for compliance with the governmental regulations. Most of the time, a part number cannot be determined by the M number.

How can I determine whether the glass in a car is original or a replacement? If you don't know the history of the car, one-way to identify a piece of glass is to check the monogram on the glass. If you, knew the manufacturer of the original glass, check the DOT (Department of Transportation) number on the glass in the car. If the DOT number doesn't belong to the OE glass supplier, then the part was a replacement. If the number does match, then check the date code on the glass. Most manufacturers mark the monogram with a means of identifying the month and year of glass production, sometimes even the date and shift! Since each company does it differently, you'll have to contact the appropriate manufacturer for their date code conventions, which can include combinations of letters, numbers or even dots over various letters. By comparing the date of the glass with the date of the car assembly, you can determine if they are the same vintage. If the glass date closely matches the vehicle assembly date, chances are the glass is original.

Which side of the vehicle is the right hand side? The RIGHT hand side of the vehicle is the PASSENGER'S side of the vehicle. The DRIVER'S side of the vehicle would be the LEFT-hand side. Rule of thumb, right and left sides are determined by picturing yourself sifting in the car.

When should a non-conductive adhesive be used? If the adhesive will contact the antenna or defroster lines when the part is installed, use a non-conductive adhesive. Non-conductive adhesives prevent interference with antenna systems and heated defroster systems that are contained in the glass. Many new glass parts have the antenna, defroster connections or buss bars around the edge of the glass in the same area that the adhesive is applied to install a glass part. Using a conductive adhesive will affect the performance of the electrical system. Several adhesive manufacturers offer a non-conductive product for these glass applications. Be sure to follow the manufacturers specific instructions for the adhesive system you use.

How do installation methods cause stress cracks? Installation related cracks usually result from a short cut out method, where all of the old urethane bed is not removed prior to installation. If the shape and form of the new glass is not identical to the old urethane bed, the glass could have spots of interference on the adhesive that lead to breaking. Installation related stress could also be formed by using adhesives that are too rigid and don't offer the compression and flexibility required of the adhesive system. Usually, installation related stress cracks would develop over time after the adhesive has been allowed to fully cure.

What is tempered glass? Tempered glass is a single piece of glass that is strengthened through a rapid cooling process. This cooling process tempers the glass by blasting both the top and bottom surfaces with air. The outside surfaces of the glass cool faster than the core of the glass. This action sets up a balance of strains between the surfaces and the core which adds considerable strength to the glass. Tempered glass is difficult to break, but if broken it breaks into small granular pieces.

How are tempered parts made? Glass of the specified thickness is cut to the desired size. Any artwork or paint design is applied to the glass while it is in the flat position. This includes any heated grid lines or antenna lines required on the final part. The glass is loaded into a furnace and is heated to temperatures of 12,000 F. There are multiple processes that could be used to bend the glass as it exits the furnace including roll.

How much force is required to break a tempered backlite? While the strength of tempered glass can seem very high, it is important to recognize that the manner in which tempered glass is broken will affect the strength. Tempered glass is extremely difficult to break with dull, blunt objects. Tempered glass can have a rupture strength of up to 24,000 pounds per square inch. Recall that tempered glass is produced by rapid cooling of the outside glass surfaces which sets up a stress / strain balance.

Why do the heated grid lines on heated backlites sometimes have a redbrown color and other times have a yellow color? The color of the grid lines is predominately determined by the surface of glass that they are printed on. The lines will have a dark appearance when printed on the tin side of glass. The lines will have a brighter yellow or amber color when printed on the air side of glass. Other colors, such as white or light gray, may indicate a potential manufacturing problem with the heated grid lines such as an under fired condition or too much silver. These can result in a heated backlite that does not function correctly.

Is it a defect to see discolored spot patterns on tempered glass? No, the discolored spot patterns on a piece of glass are actually a phenomenon of the tempering process. During tempering, air is forced onto the glass through hundreds of nozzles. The spots are areas where the cool air contacts the glass. The temper spot pattern can indicate how well a piece of glass is tempered. The size and consistency of the discolored areas will vary with the exact process used, but they are present on all tempered parts. The ability to see these patterns is dependent on the angle ' of installation and the lighting conditions. For example, it is easier to see the patterns on a sloping piece of glass at dusk than it is to see them on a vertical piece in bright sunlight.

What is an Innershield? The innershield is a layer of plastic on the innermost piece of glass which was most commonly used on the windshield. The innershield prevented lacerations on an occupant's head and face if they came in contact with the windshield in the event of an accident. The innershield was a popular option on deluxe vehicles about ten years ago.

How is a shadeband put into a windshield? The shadeband is pre-tinted onto the plastic that is placed between the glass plies. The plastic comes in rolls and one end of the roll has the shade color. During processing, it may be required to warp the plastic to curve the shadeband so it will match the curve of the top of, the windshield. After warping, the plastic is cut to size and it is ready to use.

What is delamination? Delamination is the separation of the glass plies and plastic layer in a laminated product such as a windshield. This is also known as an unbonded area (UBA) or an oil blow. Old autoclaving process used hot petroleum to laminate windshields and the oil could seep into the edges causing the windshield to delaminate.

What is bullet proof glass and how is it different from bullet resistant glass? Bullet proof glass is glass that will stop a bullet. Any bullet. To make a glass bullet proof, every type of bullet from every type of gun must be taken into consideration during the design of the glass. Bullet proof glass is actually a composite of glass and plastic layers laminated together to achieve a strong composite that will stop a bullet. Bullet proof glass will be three or more inches thick. Bullet resistant glass is designed for applications with a resistance to a range of specific bullet calibers. Bullet resistance glass can be obtained in a 3/4 inch thick composite of glass and plastics laminated together. On vehicle applications, the environmental end use is considered for the glass design. If a vehicle is outfitted with bullet proof or bullet resistant glazing, all the interior trim must also be reworked to accommodate the thicker glass.

What are stress cracks? Stress cracks are breaks from the edges of laminated glass, such as a windshield, that happen without an impact point or noticeable damaged area. While this phenomenon can occur with seemingly no apparent cause, there are however, two major factors that have a role in creating stress cracks. The stress crack can be caused by a manufacturing defect within the glass or it can be attributed to the installation methods.

How do glass defects cause stress cracks? Stress cracks can occur if the two plies of glass used to make the laminated part are not completely homogenous with each other. Stress cracks can be a condition of tension or compression that exist within the glass. Stress can also be caused by incomplete annealing or temperature difference between the plies. Manufacturing processes include multiple quality checkpoints for every individual part during production to identify and eliminate defective parts. Even so, it can be difficult to predict a stress crack due to manufacturing conditions.

I have often heard of a windshield surface referred to as the number 1, 2, 3 or 4 surface. What do these numbers mean? The windshield surface number refers to the glass surface of the individual glass plies in the laminated composite. A basic windshield construction is composed of two pieces of glass with a plastic layer in between. The surfaces are counted from OUTSIDE the vehicle. Therefore, surface number 1 is the outside surface of the exterior glass piece that would be exposed once installed in the vehicle. Surface number 4 is the innermost surface which would be on the interior of the vehicle once installed. Surface number 4 is the surface that is prepped with primers, cleaners and or activators required for installation. Surface # 2 and 3 are interior surfaces that are in contact with the plastic.

What is laminated glass? Laminated glass is constructed of two pieces of glass with a piece of plastic in between the glass plies. One type of plastic innerlayer used is PVB or polyvinyl butyral. Laminated glass is required to make windshields in the US.

How are windshields made? Two separate pieces of glass are cut to size. While the glass is flat it is printed with the artwork design (frit) that's required. The glass is put through a furnace to soften the glass and fire the frit to the glass surface. Once the glass reaches the right temperature, it is molded into shape and then cooled. After shaping, the glass/ plastic/ glass sandwich is put in a clean room and then put into an autoclave. An autoclave is like a giant pressure cooker. The high pressure squeezes the glass and plastic together. The higher temperature softens the plastic, which bonds the glass and plastic layers together. Once the glass exits the autoclave, any excess plastic is trimmed and the mirror mount is applied to the glass. The glass is inspected and cleaned several times throughout the entire process to make sure it has been manufactured to the highest quality standards. After a final inspection, the finished part is now ready to ship.

What is the Breakaway Bracket? Several new GM and Ford windshields have a Breakaway Bracket. This refers To the mirror button on the windshield. This style mirror button allows the rearviewmirror to snap off when the passenger air bag is deployed. If the rear view mirror did not snap off, there is a possibility that the mirror could puncture the air bag rendering it ineffective. The accessory tool used to remove these snap off rearview mirrors is the MB-4. TIP: Put Breakaway rearview mirrors back on the glass before installing the windshield. This will prevent moving a newly installed windshield out of place with the force required to snap the mirror on the glass.

How is a windshield glass molded into shape? There are two common practices for shaping a windshield, gravity bending and press bending. Gravity bending has been used longer than press bending. For gravity bending, two pieces flat glass ride through the furnace on a mold contoured like the finished part. As the glass softens, the force of gravity pulls the glass into shape. This pair of gravity bent glass is then kept together throughout the rest of the windshield process. In a press bending operation, the single lites of glass go through a furnace on a flat surface of high temperature resistant rollers. As the glass exits the furnace it is quickly pressed into shape between a male and female mold contoured like the finished product. The glass is then cooled and moved to the next process.

How can I determine if a diversity or non-diversity antenna backlite is needed? The diversity antenna will use a combination of antennas in order to perform efficiently. Most diversity-antennas are offered with vehicle upgrade packages. A standard car model may only have the mast antenna, whereas the deluxe luxury package may incorporate a diversity antenna in the backlite with the mast antenna. How to determine the need for a diversity antenna will differ depending on the vehicle. The current Toyota Camry has extra speakers (6 total) on the vehicle that uses a diversity antenna and only 4 speakers on the vehicle that uses the non-diversity antenna.

Can an antenna or heated backlite clip be reattached to the glass if it has fallen off? Clips, or tabs, can be reattached to the glass. In order to determine if the connection is repairable, the surface of the glass must be evaluated. If there are any chunks of glass (called spalls) missing from the surface, the repair should not be made and the glass should be replaced. Spalls will weaken the glass and could eventually result in glass breakage. Next, select the adhesive to be used to reattach the clips. There are a few companies that manufacture a conductive adhesive system that can be used to reattach the tabs. The adhesive must be conductive so it will allow the electrical current pass between the lines on the glass and the vehicle. Follow the manufacture's directions for the repair. Regular super glue adhesives will not work because they are non-conductive. HINT: Be sure to clean both the glass surface and the clip surface of old debris. Also, let the repaired part sit for the recommended cure time so the adhesive bond is fully developed.

Will a broken heated grid line on a backlite affect the operation of the antenna? Many new radio and cellular phone antenna designs are incorporated into the heated grid design in the backlite. If a heated grid line is broken it will affect the performance of the antenna. The line break will become more noticeable with the general public as diversity antennas gain popularity and reduce the need for traditional mast antennas. There are aftermarket grid line repair systems available which can restore both the heating and the antenna characteristics of the grid line.

What is a Rain Sensor windshield? Several vehicle manufacturers, including Cadillac, Mercedes Benz and BMW, are now offering Rain Sensor windshields. The rain sensor is actually a small electronic device mounted to the inside surface of the windshield. The device has a lens that will detect the presence of moisture on the outside surface of glass. When moisture is present, a signal is sent to the wiper control that automatically activates the windshield wipers. This a great safety option for those misty periods when a driver is passing trucks and road spray hits the windshield. The windshield wipers will activate without the need for the driver to remove his hands from the wheel or his eyes from the road.

Does the rain sensor module come on the replacement windshield? No. At this time, none of the rain sensor designs require the sensor to be applied by the manufacturer on the replacement windshields. The electronic sensor that is on the existing windshield in the car must be removed and re-mounted onto the replacement windshield.

How is the rain sensor attached to the replacement windshield? There are special re-attachment kits for the replacement industry, available through your local Car dealer, which can be used to re-attach the electronic rain sensor to the new windshield. The Cadillac kit consists of tape, cleaners and primers for replacing the Cadillac module. The Mercedes / BMW kit contains the tape and a new lens. Instructions for application are included in all the kits.

Is it normal for HUD display to appear faded in bright light conditions? Bright sunlight or high glare conditions can result in a dimmer display of the Head's Up display. It is normal for a HUD to appear brighter at night in darker conditions that during the day under full sun. It is not normal for the HUD to completely disappear. If the display is fading when the car changes momentum, such as when turning a corner or accelerating, then the problem could be a system defect and it's recommended that a dealer check out the electronics. There is nothing in the windshield to cause the display to fade or appear less intense.

What is a diversity antenna? A diversity antenna combines the reception from several individual antennas on the vehicle that makes it a very efficient antenna system. The definition of diverse means different, therefore a diversity antenna in a backlite is one that could Work with the mast (pillar) antenna mounted to the car. The two different antennas work together to achieve superior AM/FM radio reception. The 1998 Cadillac Seville has a diversity antenna system that consists of an antenna in the windshield and antenna in the backlite that work together.

What is a non-diversity antenna? A non-diversity antenna system relies on only one antenna for radio wave reception. Several examples of non-diversity antenna include 1) a mast antenna mounted to the vehicle 2) an antenna printed on the backlite or 3) a set of wires mounted into the windshield. A non-diversity antenna will not be a combination.

Can a break in a HUD (Heads-Up-Display) windshield be repaired or must it be replaced? A break in the HUD windshield can be repaired like a normal non-HUD windshield. If the repair area is in the HUD image area, a repair may interfere with the image causing a double or distorted image. Therefore, consideration is required to determine if the type and size of break is repairable without HUD interference.

Passivated glass refers to chemically coated glass. Many automotive glass parts are coated to achieve either the solar control characteristics or the privacy features. The coating can usually be detected by the reflective, mirror-like appearance. Sometimes these coatings will also have a color associated with them and can make the glass look blue, pink or amber. The solar coatings are used to filter out the sun's ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths while the privacy coatings filter out visible light wavelengths. The wavelengths that are filtered out by coated glass, include the wavelength spectrums that CB radios, cellular phones, automated toll readers and radar detectors operate on. Therefore, the chemically coated glass can interfere with the operation of electronic devices that require a glass-mounted antenna.

What type of glass is recommended for a glass-mounted antenna? Glass that is referred to, as BATCH glass is compatible with glass mounted antennas. Solar and privacy batch glass is not coated like the passivated glass. Instead, the raw materials that give the glass its solar or privacy characteristics are added at the time the glass is made. The raw materials are melted right in with the sand and other components that glass are constructed from. Once the glass has been made, it would not need any other treatments prior to fabrication into automotive glass parts. Batch glass is uniform throughout the thickness of the glass. Coated parts are surface treated; the surface has different properties than the core of the glass.

Are there any special hints for re-attaching the rain sensor? Make sure the glass is very clean prior to attaching the sensor. The performance of the sensors depends on the optically clear grades of doublefaced tape used for reattaching the units. These tapes also need to be clean and free of bubbles when applied to the glass. Any impurities that may be present will give a false signal to the rain sensor causing it to activate unnecessarily.

What does the term "Auto-Cancel" refer to in the NAGS catalog? The Auto Cancel notation means the electrical input to the heated backlite design is automatically canceled after a specified time and/or temperature. Most heated backlites made today are for automatic cancellation systems. However, there are a few parts such as the Isuzu Trooper backlites where a different glass heated design is required for the automatic vs. the manual systems. For example, FB4815 is for an automatic cancellation heated grid system whereas FB4816 is for a manual cancellation heated grid system. 8-What is the difference between a heavy-duty heated backglass and a standard heated backglass? The heavy-duty back glass is rated for higher amperage. The Heavy-Duty (HD) designation is predominately used on foreign cars such as Honda and Toyota vehicles. Normal domestic vehicles were rated for 22 amps whereas heated backlites in Asian vehicles were generally rated for 11 amps. Amperage relates to speed of performance. The higher the amperage, the faster the backglass will heat and clear the frost from the glass. To accommodate the US market, many foreign car manufacturers developed the HD back glasses to offer compatible defrosting performance in the US. The heavy-duty backglass are an upgrade, but it does not interchange with the standard design.

I hope you receive new knowledge about Quaker State Oil Change Locations. Where you may offer used in your day-to-day life. And most of all, your reaction is Quaker State Oil Change Locations. View Related articles associated with Quaker State Oil Change Locations. I Roll below. I actually have counseled my friends to help share the Facebook Twitter Like Tweet. Can you share Glass Industry Terms - Everything You've Always Wanted to Know About Glass But Were Afraid to Ask.

Electric Fuel Pumps - Design, Work and Faults

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Do you know about - Electric Fuel Pumps - Design, Work and Faults

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Electric fuel pump is used in modern internal combustion engines to supply fuel from the fuel tank to the injectors. The pump should deliver fuel under high pressure, so that the nozzle can spray it into the engine. For the proper engine operation fuel pressure should be within allowed specifications for a given engine. Too low-pressure can lead to "fuel starvation" engine misfire, excessive vibration or stop the engine under load. Too much pressure causes uneven engine running too rich mixture, and excessive pollution.

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How is Electric Fuel Pumps - Design, Work and Faults

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Electric fuel pumps are usually installed in fuel tank (intake), although some can be installed outside. Some cars may be equipped with two pumps (one pump inside the tank and the main pump on the outside). The location of the pump in the fuel tank helps mute the buzzing noise of pump's electric motor. Submersion into the fuel helps lubricate and cool the pump's engine. Driving with fuel tank filled with less than ¼ of its volume can shorten the life of the pump and cause rapid overheating. It also increases risk of pump left without of gas during rapid acceleration or deceleration.

The pump is usually part of a module that also includes a float that carries electrical signals to the level indicator, located on the dashboard. If the fuel pump needs replacing, it can be replaced separately or the complete module assembly (it is expensive, but much easier).

Different electric fuel pumps have different designs. Some older designs used to use forced displacement of the circulation pump chamber. This type of pump can produce very high pressure and constant flow. But at the outlet of the fuel pump has been strong pressure fluctuations, so often in the gas line after the pump was installed damper to reduce the amplitude of pulsation of gas pressure. Circulating chamber can also be installed outside the tank and used with the second low-pressure pump installed in the fuel tank.

There is another type of fuel pump - "rotor-type". This design is similar to design of the oil pump and uses the offset rotor to push the fuel through the pump. Another variation of the roller pump - "vane-type". The blades are used instead of rollers to push the gas through the pump. Most modern cars use a pump turbine. Blades of the impeller push gas through the pump. Turbine type pumps do not produce the pressure fluctuations these types are less complicated to manufacture and more reliable in operation. It is possible to replace a fuel pump by not original unit. In this case fuel pump's output should be within original specifications and as consumption the same as the original one. Use of an improper specs can cause deterioration of performance of the car.

How does electric fuel pump work?

When the ignition, the electronic control unit excites the relay, which supplies voltage to fuel pump, its motor starts to rotate, and within a few seconds it creates necessary gas pressure. Fuel feeds into the inlet pump through a mesh filter to delay the rust and dirt. Outlet of the pump the gas passes through the check valve, single acting (valve maintains a residual pressure in the system, when pump does not work) and feeds to the engine through the fuel line and filter. The fuel filter catches any rust, dirt and other solid contaminants that have passed through the pump to prevent the penetration of these particles in the injectors.

Further, the gas enters the fuel rail, located on the engine and from the rail to each injector. Fuel pressure regulator, located on the ramp, maintains the fuel pressure and throws any excess back to the tank. Start the engine and the electric fuel pump starts to operate continuously and to keep pumping gas until the engine is running. If the engine stops, then the electronic control unit receives a signal from the sensor and the crankshaft ECU will turn off the pump.

A lot of cars (especially Fords) have an inertial emergency switch which disables the fuel pump in the event of an accident. It is envisaged to reduce the risk of fire when the fuel line is damaged. To return the emergency transmitter to its original state - press the reset button on the sensor. On older cars pumps operated at a constant speed. In newer designs pump's speed is being controlled by the electronic control unit in order to precisely match allowed specifications.

Fuel pump failure

The fuel pump can fail for several reasons: - Due to the presence of contaminants inside the fuel tank (dirt or rust); - When driving out of gas; - As a result of overheating (in constant motion with a low level of gas in tank); - Low voltage (problems with electrical wiring); - As a result of overloading (for a clogged fuel filter excessive resistance of the filter element can cause an overload of electric motor pump). The harder the conditions of the fuel pump, the more power is required for its operation. Electric fuel pump often fails without any warning. You may drive your car without a trouble, and within a minute the pump fails, the engine just stalls and the car gets up in the middle of the road. Or in the morning you are going to start the car but the engine just will not start.

By what signs can one predict the damage the fuel pump? One way is to listen to the noise of the pump when the ignition is on. Complete absence of noise indicates that it is not working. It can be caused by a malfunction of the pump, pump relay malfunction, the fuse or the lack of voltage. On most cars when fuel pump fails you wouldn't see usual Check Engine light on. Most modern engines equipped with the union to check the fuel pressure on the ramp nozzles. Connecting fuel pressure gauge to the fitting check valve will quickly show whether the pump produces pressure or not. On engines without pressure test union, to measure pressure can be done by connecting directly to the fuel line at the junction of the ramp. If the gauge indicates zero - the pump does not work. If the pressure is less than nominal, it will be necessary to carry out further diagnosis to identify the causes of low fuel pressure.

I hope you will get new knowledge about Mobil Oil Change Locations. Where you can offer used in your day-to-day life. And most significantly, your reaction is Mobil Oil Change Locations. View Related articles associated with Mobil Oil Change Locations. I Roll below. I actually have suggested my friends to assist share the Facebook Twitter Like Tweet. Can you share Electric Fuel Pumps - Design, Work and Faults.

Faq on Modifying the Toyota Supra

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What does Bpu(Tm) stand for? (Bpu(Tm) is a trademark of SupraStore.com)

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How is Faq on Modifying the Toyota Supra

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Basic execution Upgrades. These modifications are: A full distance three inch down-pipe (with or with-out high flow cats), 3" (75mm) or bigger cat-back exhaust system, raised boost (18psi), and the required boost cut eliminator (Greddy Bcc) needed to perform that boost without activating the premise fuel cut-off at 14-15psi. These are the modifications that have proven to furnish the best Hp-to-$$$ ratio.

What does the + mean when someone says Bpu(Tm)+? And what is Apu?

That stands for any additional power producing modifications other than the basic Bpu(Tm) modifications. One "+" refers to Adj. Cam Gears and under-drive pulleys, the second "+" refers to a Fuel controller, Ecu upgrade, etc. For instance, a Supra with the Bpu(Tm) modifications, plus a front-mount intercooler, would be called Bpu(Tm)+. If you added cam gears to that, it would be Bpu(Tm)++, and so on. The "Bpu(Tm)" term is used until you have an upgraded turbo(s). Then it is referred to as Apu, developed execution upgrades. This designation pretty much covers every modification that can be performed.

What are the first machine modifications I should perform?

I recommend starting with raising the boost of the stock turbos to almost 18psi. This will need a capability boost gauge and a boost cut eliminator (Greddy Bcc). You will perform 15 or so Psi with the stock Down Pipe in place. This will furnish an increasing of almost 30rwhp. After those modifications are completed, it would be a logical next step to install the Down Pipe and Cat-Back Exhaust at the same time. You will now be at full Bpu(Tm).

What do all the varied "Free Mods" do?

There are many dissimilar "free mods" for the Supra Tt. I will cover just a few of them here. The ones I will cover fall into three categories, boost control, Egr disabling, and Ttc or True Twin Conversion.

Three of the boost control mods are: Bleeder-T Mod, Clamp Mod, and the Vsv Bypass Mod. Each of these modifications raise boost levels without the use of a boost controller. But you have to keep a close eye on your boost gauge, and make sure they are not allowing the turbos to boost too high (18psi is a safe level).

The next mods, are the true twin conversion mods (or Ttc). This modification disables the Sequential twin turbo operation, and causes the turbos to run enduringly in parallel (both on at the same time). This is supposed to allow for slightly better mid-range power (before the secondary turbo would commonly come online) and allows for a smoother power band, without the abrupt boost growth caused by the transition from former to secondary operation. However, this does noticeably decrease low-end power, and increases exhaust noise levels, and therefore may not be desirable on the street. Two types of the Ttc mod are, the former Ttc mod which includes 2 methods, wiring the actuators, or installing a one way valve, and the Electronic Ttc mod (Ettc).

The last mod I will discuss is the Egr mod. This disables the Exhaust Gas Recirculation system, which is meant for emissions, and therefore, this modification is for off-road use only. This mod is supposed to forestall the super heating of the estimate 5 and 6 cylinders, which may cause burnt valves.

How much power will my car make at Bpu(Tm)?

It varies from car-to-car, and the conditions as well as tuning. Most Bpu(Tm)-only Supra Twin Turbos, dyno between 370 and 410 horsepower at the rear wheels. This is commonly achieved with moderate temperatures, a reset Ecu (to erase anything bad the Ecu may have learned), and often a diminutive bit of high-octane un-leaded race fuel. On the street, power will be reduced, especially in poor weather, but at least 90 percent of the power should be retained.

What kind of 1/4 mile Ets and trap speeds should I run at Bpu(Tm)-only?

It varies Widely depending on driver skill. As well as track conditions, elevation above sea level, ambient temperatures, humidity, and pre-race preparation. But most fall between 12.3 to 12.9 ets with 112 to 119mph trap speeds on street tires. Times can drop well into the 11s with drag radials, a good driver, and good conditions, as well as permissible pre-race preparation.

What is a Bpu(Tm)'d Supra Tt's top speed?

Speeds in the mid-high 180mph range should be achievable. Once the speed-limiter is disabled, by pulling the "Trac" fuse of course.

Will the life of my machine and Drivetrain be adversely affected with the Bpu(Tm) mods?

Yes, but not by a needful amount. If the car is maintained properly, and the car is treated with some respect for the components, you should profess much of the power train's life. Which considering the fact that the Supra is by far one of the most trustworthy and durable sports cars, it will last longer than most well maintained Stock sports cars. The only Drivetrain components that will see a significantly shortened life will be the stock clutch. It will more than likely not last much longer than 8-10k miles once at Bpu(Tm). This especially holds true if the car is manufacture repeated high speed runs using 5th and 6th gear at wide open throttle. If your stock clutch has high mileage on it, or is already starting to slip, you will need to plan on a new high-performance clutch. Also the stock turbos will be subject to a somewhat shortened life span (how short will depend on how you drive and profess the car, as well as how much boost you will run)

What's the reliability of a 600hp Supra Turbo?

Chassis, electrical, and suspension components should see diminutive consequent on reliability on street driven Supras. The stock 2Jz-Gte machine should hold up pretty well to this power level. Just how long depends on maintenance, and how hard you drive it, and how often. But typically Supras can go for years at this power level. The transmission reliability will depend on whether it's an self-acting or Manual. A stock self-acting will not hold this much power, a built transmission will be required, and it's reliability will depend on it's compose and construction. The 6spd manual should hold up just fine, as well as the rear differential and axles.

The only real reliability concerns at these low power levels would surround the actual modifications you perform. Excluding premise short-comings, the components utilized, even very high capability ones, may fall short of premise component reliability, as the built in compromises that exist in everything, would lean more towards the side of ultimate performance, than of ultimate reliability (Keep in mind we are talking about a Toyota here, whose reliabilty standards are exceptionally high) This may include fuel principles components, turbo components, and especially electronic wizardry. Basically a set-up that is whether Very well conceived, or utilizes Oe components as much as possible, without over burdening them, would posses *near* stock reliability. And tuning of the components, and component selection, and matching, would play a Huge role in this.

What are the power limits of the varied premise components (Differential, Transmission, Motor, etc.)?

There have undoubtedly not been sufficient failures to undoubtedly pin point a limit for the varied power-train components. The motor could fail at premise power levels if it was running dangerously lean. But when well tuned, the motors internals (Pistons, Rods, Crank, Head Gasket etc) are trustworthy to 700rwhp. But of course at these power levels, if the machine is not set-up and tuned properly, it is undoubtedly a bomb waiting to go off, any way this would be just as true with a built motor. Some owners have pushed their stock internals to the limit and have well exceeded 800rwhp, and even approached 900rwhp. I still don't understand how such an over built motor made it past the bean counters at Toyota Corporate.

The 6-speed Getrag is ridiculously strong for an Oe transmission. Its limit's will be affected greatly by driving technique, such as launching, and whether or not power shifting is used. Even driven hard, the Getrag should hold up reasonably well with 700Rwhp. If you treat it with some respect, it should be able to handle colse to 800Rwhp or more, although great care and respect will need to be practiced at those levels.

Differential, axle, Cv Joint, and drive shaft failures are a Very rare occurrence. So I don't have much info on their failure limits. On street tires, it would be almost impossible to break any of these components at Any power level. The tires would spin before they would put the driveline under that kind of strain. The tires act sort of like a circuit breaker. If you run drag slicks, this does not hold true of course, yet they have proven themselves to be 10 and even 9 second capable.

Will drivability, interior noise levels, and low-end power be adversely affected with the Bpu(Tm) mods?

Drivability is not adversely affected. Interior noise level depends on the exhaust principles you choose. Some will make it far louder; some will undoubtedly make it quieter. But most are just a diminutive bit louder than stock. But the added dBs are also combined with a Much sweeter exhaust note, so it's by all means; of course worth it. And the interior of the Supra is pretty quiet anyway, so on the highway, it will be Very livable. As far as low-end power goes, the down-pipe will greatly decrease Turbo Lag. So low-end power and response is much improved over stock.

Will emissions be adversely affected by the Bpu(Tm) mods?

As long as a high-flow cat is used, emissions should not be effected, and you should still pass optical inspection. If you run without catalytic converters, you are doing so at your own risk, and you would not pass optical or emissions testing.

Will fuel mileage be adversely affected by the Bpu(Tm) mods?

If driven calmly, as in light throttle, mileage should not be significantly affected. Mileage will greatly decrease while however, if you drive "vigorously", more power equals more burned fuel I am afraid.

Should I install an "Intake" (Open Element Filter)?

This is a bit of a yes and no answer. The stock filter assembly is a flow restriction, and an open element intake would growth possible flow. However, it will also draw in more heated machine compartment air, which can hurt performance. My guidance is to whether modify the stock filter box, or install a cool air induction box, like the Max Air. An added bonus of the open element filters, is that they allow you to undoubtedly hear the former turbo and by-pass valve.

What about the stock intercooler?

The stock intercooler does a decent job up till about 17psi on the stock turbos, after that you would probably notice a needful gain, especially in warmer temperatures, with a nice front mount intercooler. However, keep in mind it will block some of the airflow to the radiator, as well as decreasing response slightly.

Should I replace the premise rubber Intercooler hoses with aftermarket metal hoses?

It wouldn't hurt. But it won't help a lot either. At the most you may slightly growth throttle response, but at least it will look nicer.

What about the fuel system, are the stock injectors and fuel pump large sufficient for Bpu(Tm)?

Yes, the stock fuel principles is very safe and trustworthy to 450Rwhp, although I would recommend a fuel pulsation damper bypass. anything over that, and I would highly recommend having the car dyno'd, and using a wide-band O2 sensor (not a cheap A/F gauge linked to the stock O2) to check the fuel ratio at your high boost setting. 11.5:1 would be a safe fuel ratio.

What are the stock injectors rated at?

540cc/min

Would the Supra advantage from a fuel controller?

Bpu(Tm)'d Supras run a diminutive on the rich side as far as fuel ratios go. This hurts power. What it does do is furnish a protection margin that makes machine damage through detonation unlikely. If you get a fuel controller, and tune it properly (on a dyno, with an spoton Egt gauge, and a high band O2 (The Stock O2 sensors are not accurate), then you should be able to gain a noticeable estimate of power. One of the most beloved electronic fuel controllers is the A'Pexi S-Afc. The Fields Sfc is good too.

What should I use to growth my boost level, an Electronic Boost Controller, or a manual Bc?

Using an Ebc is the safest way to raise boost, it will forestall spiking and over-boosting. But it undoubtedly comes down to your budget. If you can afford an Ebc, get one. If you can't, go with a Mbc. And all the time keep an eye on that boost gauge. And anything you are using to control boost, remember to not get carried away, I don't recommend going commonly over 18psi.

What is the best Electronic Boost Controller?

There undoubtedly is no Best. Although the A'Pexi Avc-R is a nice unit, it provides much more control over boost than other Ebcs, but it is also more involved to install, and tune. The new Blitz unit is also nice. Most of the large manufacturers make decent units. Just avoid fuzzy-logic qualified models if you still have the sequential stock turbos, they will come to be "confused" by the unnatural behavior of the sequential system.

When installing my Ebc, do I join together it to both of the Turbo's Wastegates?

The former Turbo is the only one with a wastegate. When in full twin turbo mode, the boost of both Turbos is regulated by the former turbo's wastegate. So, only join together it to the Primary's.

Some people say I need to replace my Ecu with a reprogrammed one, instead of just using a boost controller. Do I?

Reprogrammed Ecus for the Supra Tt are Very $$$. They are in the 00 range. And they have not been proven to furnish a needful growth in execution or protection on Bpu(Tm) level cars. Their merit shows itself on cars with upgraded Turbo(s). Just be sure you buy your Ecu, or have it reprogrammed by a reputable shop that knows what they are doing. And have it tailored to your particular car (Driving habits, and Mods). And I would also recommend taking a look at the Aem Programmable system.

What is a safe boost level to run at Bpu(Tm)?

The general consensus is 17-18psi. Some people have taken it higher, but I don't recommend it if you don't have the money for a turbo replacement/upgrade.

Which Down-Pipe is recommended?

The Rmm (or Rod Millen Motorsports) Cat-less Downpipe is the most generally used. any way many other brands exist. Some down-pipes, such as the Random Technology Dp, highlight an emissions legal high-flow catalytic converter.

Will a high-flow cat hurt performance?

It will have some consequent on power output, but not a lot. Its exact consequent on Hp is not clear, but it probably costs a few hp at the most, maybe 5-15hp at Bpu(Tm) power levels.

What is a Down-Pipe?

It is the section of the exhaust principles that connects the outlet of the Turbocharger's Turbine section to the "Cat-Back" exhaust system. The Downpipe is also where the two catalytic converters are located, as well as the O2 sensor (or sensors in Obd-Ii cars).

I have an Obd2 car. Can I still install a Down-Pipe?

Yes. But unless the Dp has a Catalyst and a second location for an O2 sensor, you will trip your check machine light, unless you get one of those O2 "black boxes".

Which Exhausts are the loudest?

The Tanabe Racing Medallion, and Hks Hiper Titanium seem to be the two loudest systems.

Which Exhausts are the quietest?

The Tanabe Hyper Medallion, the discontinued Tanabe G-Power Medallion and the Greddy (Sp) street execution seem to be the quietest. At anything less than full throttle, they are no louder than stock. But at full throttle they seem to "wake up" a bit.

What are some recommended exhaust systems?

It depends on your personal preferences. Below I will break down some of my recommendations based on obvious combinations of preferences.

Subtle Styling / Very Low Cost:

-Random Technology (75mm, full stainless steel)

Subtle Styling / Low Sound Level / Moderate Cost:

-Greddy street execution (80mm)

-Tanabe Super Hyper Medallion (80mm, full stainless steel, 50-state legal)

Subtle Styling / Moderate Sound Level / Moderate Cost:

-Atr (75mm, full stainless steel)

Tasteful Styling / Low-Moderate Sound Level / Low Cost:

-Hks Dragger Ii (85mm)

Tasteful Styling / Low-Moderate Sound Level / Moderate Cost:

-Greddy Power ultimate (80-94mm)

-Hks Super Dragger (95mm)

Tasteful Appearance / Moderate Sound Level / High Cost / Super Light:

-Veilside Tear Drop Titanium (90mm, full titanium)

Tasteful-Wild Styling / Low Sound Level / Moderate Cost:

-Trd 2nd gen.

Wild Styling / Moderate Sound Level / Low Cost:

-A'Pexi N1

-Hks Hiper (75mm)

Wild Styling / Moderate Sound Level / Moderate Cost:

-A'Pexi Gt Spec (95mm, full stainless steel)

-Blitz Nur Spec (80mm, full stainless steel)

-Hks Hiper Carbon/Titanium (75mm, Cf wrapped muffler, titanium tip)

Wild Styling / High Sound Level / Moderate Cost:

-Tanabe Racing Medallion (80mm, 50 state legal)

Wild Styling / High Sound Level / High Cost / High Flow:

-Hks Hiper Titanium (104mm, titanium muffler)

What is the cheapest route to replacing the Dp and Cat-Back?

Have a institution execution exhaust shop compose a perfect 3" exhaust principles (Turbo-to-Tip). It should cost well less that 0. And then you can use the muffler and exhaust tip of your choice.

Which Fuel Cut Eliminator is recommended?

The Greddy Bcc (Boost Cut Controller) is highly recommended.

What does the Fuel Cut Eliminator do?

The premise Ecu is programmed to initiate a fuel cut if the multiple pressure exceeds 14-15psi. It does this as a protection part to forestall what the Ecu sees as over boosting. The Fuel Cut Eliminator effectively eliminates, or at least raises the cut to a higher pressure. A reprogrammed Ecu can also eliminate this function.

Which boost gauge is recommended?

Any high capability boost gauge will work well. Accuracy is the prominent highlight to look for. Autometer gauges are a good value. The Japanese gauges, A'Pexi, Greddy, Hks, etc., have more features, but at a much higher price.

Where can the boost gauge be installed in the interior?

If you want to mount it in the dash, the two most beloved places are the Clock location (which holds a 52mm gauge), and the Air Vent beside it (which holds a 60mm gauge). You can also use an A-Pillar gauge pod.

What is the stock boost pressure?

11-12psi

Are Cam Gears a good modification for the Supra Tt?

Yes, they have been shown to furnish a 5-15rwhp gain on a Bpu(Tm)'d car. But to citation their potential, you must have them tuned, by a knowledgeable tuner, on a dyno. And most of the power gains will be seen on the exhaust side. I also recommend buying cam gears which highlight 5-bolts.

Are Under Drive Pulley(s) a good modification for the Supra Tt?

Most of the crank-shaft under-drive pulleys need the extraction of the premise torsional damper.

This is from Mkiv.com :"this is Not an external (harmonic) balancer, as the crankshaft is fully balanced, rather it dampens both the axial twisting couples produced by the firing pulses, and the radial bending occasion from the accessory drive belt."

Basically this device provides crutial isolation between the machine driven accessories, and the crankshaft. However, extraction of this can furnish a 10-15rwhp gain, but at a cost for long term use.

Do I need to upgrade the ignition when upgrading to Bpu(Tm)?

The stock ignition principles is Very capable of supplying sufficient fire for a Bpu(Tm)'d car. The stock ignition principles uses 6 large coils, one for each cylinder. So the principles is capable of supporting Very impressive Hp levels. You may need to change to a colder range plug with a tighter gap (see below).

What about the spark plugs, which are recommended at Bpu(Tm) or higher level?

Basically you want similar plugs as stock, but a cooler heat range and a smaller gap. The stock plugs are Ngk Bkr6Ep-11 (2978) and are platinum tipped and have a .044 (1.1mm) gap. The ideal Ngk transfer for a modified Supra would be the Bkr7E (6097). It is one range cooler (the '7'), is non-platinum tipped (the lack of the 'p') and has a smaller .0315 gap (lack of the '-11'). This plug is also called the Ngk 6097 and they are fairly inexpensive. Platinum tipped plugs are not desired for high power applications, Iridium plugs are more preferred. Unfortunately their doesn't seem to be a Bkr8E which might be better for high-Hp Supras.

Another good plug to try is the Denso Iridium Ik22 or Ik24. These plugs may last longer than the above mentioned Ngks, but are also 6 times as expensive. The stock transfer plug would be the Ik20, the Ik22 is one step cooler, and the Ik24 is two steps cooler than stock. The Ik22 would be good for ~400rwhp to ~600rwhp. The Ik24 would probably be a good option above that. Two other plugs generally used are the Ngk 3330 (Bcpr7Es) which differ much more from the specifications of the stock plugs than Ngk 6097. Also the Rapid Fire #5 used to be very popular, but are more expensive, don't last as long, and have fallin out of favor. Both of those plugs have been known to cause diminutive stumbling at idle. Plugs on Supras do not live long, commonly colse to 5,000-10,000 miles. So I recommend replacing them with every other oil change.

What is the Hks Vpc and Gcc?

It is an electronic device, which electronically and physically removes the highly restrictive mass airflow sensor from the intake tract. Vpc stands for Vein Pressure Converter. The Hks Gcc is a device that allows additional fine-tuning of the Vpc.

Do I need an after-market Blow off Valve?

It is not undoubtedly required, but it is a good idea. The premise by-pass valve is prone to failure, and an aftermarket Bov is probably a wise investment for preventing turbo damaging compressor surge. And it sounds cool too. However, it must be noted that if you still have the premise mass-air flow sensor, a blow-off valve, which is vented to the atmosphere, may cause stumbling between shifts.

Can I run Nitrous Oxide on the Supra Tt, even if I am already at Bpu(Tm) power levels?

Yes. Most people run 50-75 shot wet multiple systems. If you want to run a higher shot than this, you might want to consider a well-designed direct port system. I have seen as much as a 200-shot used on one of these systems, and an upgraded fuel principles would be a must.

450hp just isn't enough, what can I do?

Ah the possibilities Basically you are only diminutive by your imagination, and your wallet. You know what they say, speed costs money, how fast do you want to go?

The real power lies in particular and Twin turbo upgrades, and the options are limitless. You can whether build a mild motor that puts out 450 Rwhp all day long with instant boost response, or a 1000+ Rwhp monster.

Unfortunately, things start getting more difficult after easy Bpu(Tm) modifications. Modification becomes more than "bolt on Downpipe, gain 50hp". Things like tuning, parts selection, and matching combinations of parts come to be much more important. However, this is the case with Any high Hp car. Actually, even at exceptionally high power levels, the Supra Tt is still easier to citation power from than almost any other execution car. But it should be kept in mind, that it wouldn't be as easy as the Bpu(Tm) bolt-ons.

If you just want something that will toast that pesky Viper Gts. Then focus on a mild particular turbo upgrade (T04S04, T60-1, Sp57-Sp61). Along with this, you should install a front mount intercooler, a fuel controller, fuel pulsation damper bypass and Egt gauge. This is assuming you have done all the Bpu(Tm) mods, plus Bov, Ebc, Cam Gears. With tuning, and a few odds and ends, you should be able to pull 450-500 Rwhp (490-580 crank Hp) numbers while on a stock fuel principles (assuming it is in great condition). This would be a total investment of almost ,700-,500 in engine/electronic components (also includes the permissible gauges). If you already have the Bpu(Tm) mods or Fmic, etc., you will spend less than this. The contrast in prices reflects the cost of higher end parts and increasing of a Hks Vpc to replace the restrictive stock Maf.

The next level would need a thoroughly upgraded fuel system, and execution cams would be recommended, as well as additional electronics (programmable machine management such as the Aem, or Vpc/Gcc/Ecu combo, etc.). This would allow you to run much larger turbos and injectors. You can make it past the 700Rwhp range without needing to replace the internals of the motor with stronger components, even at these power levels, if properly tuned and maintained you should keep a fair estimate of reliability while still on the stock internals, as some people have eclipsed the 800Rwhp level while still running stock bottom ends in their Supras. If you pick to go ahead and build up the bottom end, then the skies are the limit as far as power goes. Just make sure to have part selection, installation, and tuning done by competent and experienced persons. Although this should hold true at Any level of modification.

Should I install a Turbo Timer?

Absolutely. Unless you don't mind sitting in your car while it idles down every particular time you need to turn the car off. A Turbo timer keeps the machine running for a preset time once you turn off the ignition. So you can remove your keys, and lock up the car and not have to worry about it, it will shut off on it's own. This is prominent for the life of the turbos. If the turbos are not given time to cool down, it can overheat the oil and cause coking which will block oil flow to the turbos and damage bearings and cook seals.

How much is the Supra's power production affected by changes in ambient temperatures?

Very noticeably, just as with most turbo cars, the Supra Twin Turbo can be very temperature sensitive. Especially with the stock turbos and intercooler. On a Bpu(Tm) car, I would not be surprised to see a 10 percent allowance between 50-60deg temperatures, and 90deg plus temperatures

Will the stock clutch hold the power levels of a Bpu(Tm) car?

It depends on the condition and wear on the stock clutch. If it is in good condition, yes, it will hold the power, pretty well in fact, although you may touch clutch slip while at full boost in high gears such as 5th and 6th. If you drive vigorously, meaning you run at high boost frequently, then the life of the stocker will be Greatly shortened. Be surprised if you see an extra 10,000 miles after Bpu(Tm).

Can I resurface my flywheel when replacing the clutch?

It is not recommended. Buy a new Toyota Flywheel.

Can I install a lightweight flywheel?

Yes, but be aware that they can create a lot of noise at idle, and can send more vibrations and shock to the expensive Getrag transmission.

Why is pulling the Trac fuse useful over just turning it off with the switch on the center console?

Just pushing the "Trac Off" button only partially disables the Trac system. It disables the Trac throttle body and Trac function through the Abs principles (on 93.5-96 only), but not the Trac system's ignition timing slow down function. Unplugging the Trac fuse eliminates both functions, as well as the 155mph speed limiter, which works through the trac system. The fuse can be found in the main fuse box on the driver's side of the machine compartment. It must be noted that removing the fuse will cause the Trac light to stay on, but you'll get used to it.

Will the Trac principles heighten the cars performance?

No. The Trac principles was calibrated to heighten traction in slick conditions. It was not calibrated with execution in mind. When the Trac principles senses a loss of traction, it comes on hard, cutting power drastically; this will do nothing but hurt performance. I also would not rely on the Trac principles for providing stability at high speeds, if you were to loose control, it would be too slow and clumsy, and would more than likely hamper your efforts to derive control.

How can I remove the premise 155mph speed limiter?

Remove the fuse for the Trac system. The speed limiter works through the Trac throttle body.

What is the Supra Tt's top speed with the Trac fuse removed?

There is some moot on this subject. There are rumors that 180 can be achieved. But by going with the numbers, 168-172mph in stock form seems possible.

What is the Supra Tt's maximum theoretical top speed? Can it exceed 200mph with sufficient power?

Lets find out.

The Supra Tt with the 6-speed has a stock machine redline of 6800rpm, and a 6th gear ratio of .79:1, with a rear axle ratio of 3.13:1. Now we multiply our 6th gear ratio times our rear axle ratio, and we find out our final gear ratio is 2.472:1. Now we divide 6800rpm by our total gear allowance of 2.472:1 and we find out our rear axles, and therefore wheels are spinning at 2751rpm at 6800 machine rpms.

Now we need to suspect our tire circumference. The rear tires section width it 255mm, and the sidewall's aspect ratio is .40, so our sidewalls are 102mm. Now, to change this to inches, we divide this by 25.4, which equal's 4.015 inches. Now multiply this by two, since we have two sidewalls manufacture up the total diameter, and add the wheel diameter of 17", and we see a total diameter of 25.031 inches. Now to find out our circumference, we multiply that estimate times pi (3.14), and we find out the circumference is 78.59 inches, now divide that by 12 to change to feet. And we get 6.549 feet total circumference.

Now multiply our tire's revolving speed, by the tire's outside circumference, and we find that the tire is outside 18,016 feet per minute, divide that by the 5280 feet in a mile, and we find we are outside 3.412 miles per minute, now multiply that by the 60 minutes in an hour, and we find we are traveling 204.7miles per hour @ 6800rpm in 6th gear. If the engines redline is increased to 7500rpm, which it often is, because of a higher flowing turbo. Then our maximum speed would be 225.8mph, given sufficient power of course.

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